Journal of the College of Basic Education
The Journal of the College of Basic Education (CBEJ) is a refereed scientific journal issued by the College of Basic Education / Al-Mustansiriya University (Baghdad - Iraq) every three months and in two parts, one part for humanities and educational sciences and one part for pure sciences. Its first issue was in 1994 under the name of the Journal of Teachers College, whose name was changed to correspond with the name of the college in 2004 to the Journal of the College of Basic Education. The magazine holds a digital identifier (DOI). It also holds the International Standard Number (ISSN). ISSN:18157467 (Print) ISSN: 2706-8536 (Electronic)
Predicting Electricity Consumption in Baghdad Governorate Using SARIMA and FB Prophet Models: A Comparative Study
Electricity represents the important and vital nerve of both economic and social activities, as its consumption is one of the essential matters that has gained great importance, and it is also an important indicator of the level of development in modern societies. Through this, this research aimed to build highly accurate predictive models to analyze the electricity consumption data in Baghdad Governorate. This study relied on consumption data on a daily basis for the period from 1/1/2024 to 12/31/2024, which was obtained from the Operations and Control Department of the Ministry of Electricity. Two predictive models were used to achieve the research goal, including: the SARIMA model and the Facebook Prophet (FB Prophet) model. To compare the performance of each of the two models, the following comparison criteria were used: the Mean Absolute Error (MAE), the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The results showed the superiority of the SARIMA model, as it obtained the lowest values ​​of the above comparison criteria. Accordingly, the future values ​​of the electricity consumption data in Baghdad Governorate were predicted by the model SARIMA.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of the College of Basic Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimal Reliability Allocation Using the Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) for Component-Level Cost and Reliability Analysis in Complex Systems
In this research, the reliability function of a complex system was calculated, identifying the optimal reliability distribution among the system's components. Most recent studies rely on increasing closed-form functions to relate cost to reliability, knowing that the cost of a component increases as its reliability increases. However, these functions can sometimes be ill-defined or difficult to generate. In this research, MATLAB was used to extract the system's reliability function, and the relationship between cost and reliability across separate datasets was discussed. The reliability and cost of each component were calculated individually using the Harmonic Search Algorithm (HSA), in addition to calculating the total cost and reliability of the system. An exponential feasibility factor cost function was applied within this algorithm to improve performance and achieve the optimal reliability distribution.
Innovative Computerized Approach for Accurate Color Blindness Detection
A simple computerized method for the testing of color blindness (color vision deficiency, CVD) to enhance diagnostic accuracy as well as accessibility has been presented in this study. Ishi-hara plates and Farnsworth D-15 are traditional tests that require manual interpretation and may be prone to human error. The proposed system relies on contrast-based image processing, chromaticity contrast analysis, and machine learning models (convolutional neural networks (CNN) and support vector machines (SVM)) to classify such different types of color blindness with 95.4% accuracy. It transforms the image to multicolor spaces such as HSV, CIE-LAB, and YCbCr for enhanced perceptual uniformity and functions on digital screens without requiring special hardware. This system has a real-time adaptation that changes test parameters based on user responses to increase color differentiation. In contrast to existing techniques, this lightweight and cost-effective method does not consume high computational power or external sensors. In the future, augmented reality (AR) real-world color correction and cloud-based diagnosis for large-scale accessibility will be developed as an efficient, automated, and widespread color blindness testing solution.
Synthesis and Thermal treatment of Zn-Cr and Ni-AL Nanoparticles: Structural and Morphological Characterization
Layered double hydroxides of Zn-Cr and Ni-AL were synthesized by co-precipitation technique. thermal treatment product(MMO) was made at (600 )°C. In (XRD) results all samples Polycrystalline. The results of (FE-SEM) show that subsequent heat treatments of Zn-Cr LDHs and Ni-AL LDHs at 600 °C lead to an increase of the nanoparticles size to 51.53 nm and 51.17 nm, respectively. AFM images show a good distribution for nanoparticles on the surface and, the particle size increases after heat treatment at 600 °C. low cost as well as simple preparation for prepared Layered double hydroxides offers an ideal way for obtain nanoparticles with small crystallite sizes, the high crystallinity and large surface area.
PHotovoltaic Properties of Ultra-Small Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized chemically using aqueous copper nitrate by sol-gel method. The phase and structure investigations by XRD and SEM indicate to the spherical aggregation particles with an average particle size of 12 nm. The produced CuO nanoparticles showed an excellent purity, as confirmed by EDX measurement. The optical properties of Uv-Vis spectroscopy displayed a highly absorption band in range of 200 nm -350 nm of a bandgap 3.5 eV. These results support the preparation of these nanostructures for solar cell applications. The heterojunction (Ag/CuO/Si/Ag) characterized in term of current-voltage properties of as a solar cell. It displayed a filling factor (F.F) and a power conversion efficiency (η) were 48.05% and 0.105% respectively.
Determine The Biofilm Formation and Antibiotic Resistance of Some Environmental and Clinical Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Isolates
The purpose of the study was to investigate the biofilms formation of some environmental and clinical pseudomonas aeruginosa and their resistance to common antibiotics. In this study, 55 environmental water samples were collected between 13th till 30th January 2023 , from Al-Aobur water treatment station of Al-Baladiyat in middle of Baghdad, the old Rostumia project for sewage treatment of Diyala Bridge in eastern of Baghdad, and Central oil company in northern of Baghdad. Bacterial isolates were obtained and identified using standard diagnostic methods. From 700 environmental isolates were recovered, 102(14.6%) was Pseudomonas spp. At the same time, 130 clinical isolates of bacteria were collected in the baghdad hospitals including, Ghazi Al-Hariri Hospital, Al-Karkh General Hospital, Medical City Teaching laboratories and Al-Yarmouk teaching hospital. There were burns, wounds, blood, sputum, urine and pus as clinical sources. The clinical isolates collected between January and February 2023, were Gram-negative non-lactose fermenters, comprising 54 (41.5%) Pseudomonas spp. Genetic identification using 16S rRNA confirmed 52 (51%) of the environmental Pseudomonas spp. isolates as P. aeruginosa, Similarly, among the clinical isolates, 27(50%) were confirmed as P. aeruginosa. The environmental and clinical P. aeruginosa isolates were tested in regard to antibiotic susceptibility which showed high sensitivity in the environmental isolates. The level of resistance was greater with clinical P. aeruginosa isolates. The production of biofilm was established through Congo Red Agar (CRA) and Microtiter Plate (MTP). Among environmental isolates, 34 (65.4%) were biofilm-positive using CRA, while 18 (34.6%) were negative. For clinical isolates,12 (44.4%) positive,15 (55.6%) negative. In MTP method, strong biofilm formation was observed in 34(65.4%) environmental isolates, moderate 17(32.7%), and weak 1(1.9%). Among clinical isolates, strong biofilm formation was 4(14.8%), moderate 10(37%), and weak 13(48.2%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were constituted the largest proportion of other Pseudomonas spp isolated from environmental and clinical samples . Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed high sensitivity among environmental isolates. Clinical isolates exhibited higher resistance levels. Environmental isolates were more productive biofilm, compare with clinical isolates.
Evaluation of The Effect of Zinc Oxides Nanoparticles on Bacteria Activity And Biofilm Formation of Clinical Acinetobacter Baumannii
This study was conducted in the Mustansiriyah University, College of Science, laboratories of Department of Biology , from (November 2024 to January 2025) . A total of (120) samples were collected from different clinical sources, including burns, wounds, and urine and blood In addition to environmental samples from the hospital environment . Al-Imamain Al-Kadhimiya Hospital, Al-Karkh General Hospital, and the Medical City's teaching laboratories were among the participating hospitals. Every sample was cultivated on MacConkey Agar and Blood Agar media and incubated for the whole night at 37°C. Only 27 isolates were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii. All these isolates were identified and purified by culture on chromium agar, biochemical tests, and the use of the 16S rRNA gene. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were then biosynthesized from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and hydrated zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O). If zinc sulfate is reduced to form zinc oxide nanoparticles. The properties of the resulting nanomaterial were studied using different devices, including UV, EDX , XRD, and SEM. The results of these devices showed up the formation of pure ZnO Nps in various shapes and sizes ranging between 20 to 100 nm . The ability of synthesized nanoparticles to inhibit Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria was studied at concentrations of (0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6) mg/ml. It was found that the effectiveness of ZNO NPS increased with increasing concentrations The highest percentage was at a concentration of 1.6 (94%). The efficiency of the synthesized nanomaterial in inhibiting some virulence factors was tested. The ability of ZnO Nps On the Inhibition of biofilms formation in Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria was studied. A range of different concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) mg/ml were used. The concentration of 0.4 and0.5 showed the highest biofilm inhibition .
Preparation Of PVP.BtB Thin Films by Spin Coating Technique and Study the Structural and Optical Properties for Optical Filters Application
To fabricate optical filters, the pure Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer thin films doped with Bromothymol blue (BTB) dye at different doping concentrations (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 %wt) were prepared by the spin-coating method. FE-scanning electron microscope examinations indicated that all the pure and doped thin films were highly homogeneous and almost free of morphological defects. X-ray diffraction examinations indicated that the pure PVP thin films initially had an amorphous structure, which transformed into a polycrystalline structure upon doping with BTB dye; the crystal size was 41.1 nm at 0.2%wt BTB and increased to 60.4 nm at 0.6 %wt BTB. Optical measurements indicated that the doped thin films have selective ability at wavelengths of 406 and 620 nm. The studies also indicated that the prepared films have indirect electronic transitions and that the optical energy gap decreases with increasing BTB doping concentration. From the above results, the prepared films can be effective and scientific in optical filter applications, as they can select wavelengths located at 406 and 620 nm of the visible spectrum.
Hepatoprotective and Immunomodulatory Potential of ginger in Experimental Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Damage in mice.
Disorders of the liver are one of the top health-related public health issues facing the world today. Most liver conditions are caused by two main factors, namely oxidative stress and immune system dysfunction. Some of the most commonly used traditional medicinal plants that contain many beneficial chemical compounds include Zingiber officinale (Ginger) which is a rich source of two active compounds, gingerol, and shogaol. Traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, this study evaluated the immunomodulatory and hepatoprotective effects of ginger in a rat model of thioacetamide (TAA)-induced liver injury. The rats were treated with ginger extracts (at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, and the effective dose was evaluated against silymarin, which is a standard hepatoprotective agent). Outcome measurements included changes in rat body weight and liver weight and serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) that correlate with liver damage. Ginger treatment resulted in increased body weight, decreased liver weight, and restoration of the liver enzyme levels toward the normal range. Ginger at the higher dose (400 mg/kg) had hepatoprotective effects similar to silymarin.The hepatoprotective mechanism of ginger may be due to its antioxidant properties of free radical scavenging and immune modulation. In conclusion, Zingiber officinale is a potential candidate for both liver protection and immune system regulation, and through the integration of traditional methods with scientific evidence, ginger may also be considered an adjunct or alternative treatment for liver disease.
Studying The Effects of (Thyme, Sage, And Marjoram) Essential Oils Against Biofilm Produce by Candida albicans Isolated From Urinary Tract And Vaginal Infections
Background: The urinary and reproductive tracts are among the most vulnerable organs in the human body to microbial infections due to their mucous membranes and the fact that they are a moist area, making them a reservoir for fungi in particular. They may be opportunistic, infecting those with weak immunity and those suffering from chronic diseases. These yeasts may acquire resistance to antifungal treatments. Therefore, the global trend has become towards discovering therapeutic alternatives to limit their growth and reduce side effects. Objective: The study aimed to test the effectiveness of plant oils (sage oil, thyme oil, and marjoram oil) in reducing the growth of fungi resistant to manufactured antifungals and in inhibiting the growth of biofilms, and to consider them as alternative treatments to manufactured treatment. Methods: The isolates were collected from the Maternity and Child Hospital in Maysan and identified by chromogenic agar to confirm them. After that, the antifungal test was performed, and the efficiency of the vegetable oils was tested through the disc diffusion method, followed by the biofilm inhibition test.Results: The results for marjoram oil and sage oil were notable, with inhibition diameters of 19.72 mm and 11.67 mm, respectively. In contrast, thyme oil showed no results. Regarding the biofilm test, marjoram oil achieved the highest percentage at 24.69%. Sage oil followed, which had the highest inhibition of C. albicans at 14.25%. Then, it was found that thyme oil had the highest inhibition of C. albicans at 12.44%. Conclusion: Marjoram and sage oils have shown effective results against Candida albicans isolates from both urine and vagina, indicating their potential as antifungal agents. Further clinical trials are recommended, along with their application in topical or oral forms. Thyme oil, despite its efficacy, did not affect biofilms, This is attributed to the oil's sensitivity to heat and light, which may alter its chemical and therapeutic properties.
Hepatitis B Virus(HBV): Structure, Mode of Transmission, Pathogenesis and Clinical features, and the Role of Health Education in Prevention Strategies of HBV in Iraq
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the viruses that infect and cause a very dangerous disease, that may affecting many people around our world. It sometimes poses a serious health problem if left without treatment. As research shows that virus has its own way to infecting person mainly by blood of infected person and specific bodily fluids. It primarily infects the liver. The progression of the disease different from person to person as ranging from mild infections and then develops into severe and serious infections. On the other hand when the disease develops that can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer. This virus known as its very complex structure and its replication mechanism that occur in host cells. Through this special mechanism of replication that help the virus to continues to stay and make great damage to the host cells. Although the present of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies, HBV continues to be major public health issue. This research presents aspects that contribute to increase our knowledge about the virus's structure also how it transmitted, that are essential for reduce its spread. It also explores the latest available preventive and treatment strategies, as well as the crucial role of health education. Cases of infection persist due to a low of health awareness, the prevalence of misconceptions, and inadequate preventive education about the virus. For this reason, this study highlights the importance of integrate health education and awareness programs into education through making seminars for students to increase their knowledge and reduce infection rates.
Evaluate synthesized nanoparticles as a good inhibitor for lactobacillus acidophilus
Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) exhibit promising antibacterial properties, making them a potential solution for combating bacterial infections linked to dental caries. This research concentrated on assessing the impacts of MgO NPs on Lactobacillus acidophilus, specifically assessing their antibacterial activity. The assessment the research included observing the impacts of MgO nanoparticles (NPs) on bacterial proliferation suppression. Proliferation inhibition was assessed by calculating the percentage decline in the cloudiness of the bacterial solution and the decrease in bacterial colony development subsequent to exposure to MgO NPs. The inquiry demonstrated a dosage-dependent, noteworthy (p < 0.05) impeding of growth and effects on Lactobacillus acidophilus when subjected to 10–100 μg/ml of MgO nanoparticles (NPs) across a 24-hour period. Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) analysis revealed that MgO NPs bond with polypeptides and glycogen in the microbial cell surface. Furthermore, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results emphasized the binding of MgO NPs to the cell wall, leading to its degradation and subsequent cellular damage. These findings confirm the bactericidal properties of MgO nanoparticles against Lactobacillus acidophilus.
Multistep and Runga-Kutta Methods for Hammerstein-Fredholm-type Integral Equation
The aim of this paper is to study some numerical methods for solving a special type of integral equation known as the Hammerstein-Fredholm-type integral equation (HFSKIE). The study focuses on the numerical solutions obtained through the multi-step method.
Hammerstein-Fredholm-second kind integral equation
Prediction of Infectious Disease Outbreaks (Cholera/Measles) in Iraq using SARIMA Models Optimized by the Reptile Search Algorithm (RSA)
Cholera and measles outbreaks were serious public health problems in Iraq, for which precise prediction models were necessary to support health planning and decision-making. This work proposed and evaluated a SARIMA model based on Reptile Search Algorithm (RSA) for forecasting cholera and measles data in Iraq. Monthly data from 2015 to 2024 were retrieved from WHO-EMRO and COSIT. The classical SARIMA model combined with the RSA algorithm was used to optimize the parameters. The improved model performed significantly better in predicting both cholera and measles on RMSE, MAE and MAPE levels. The RSA method showed time saving of 52.4% for cholera and 53.2% for measles against the traditional procedure. Tests for statistical significance (Diebold-Mariano test) revealed significant gains on the enhanced model with p < 0.001. Predictions of seasonal peaks for the 2025-26 period forecasted July-August for cholera and January-March for measles. These predictions were useful for proactive public health planning and allocation of resources. Evolutionary optimization algorithms could be synergistically coupled with conventional time series methods to improve the accuracy of the outbreak forecast for infectious diseases in resource-limited settings.
A Generalization of Fuzzy Soft Quasi Normal Operators Ziya Faleh Mohsen
This paper contributes to the ongoing generalization of quasi-normal operators by introducing a new class termed the -Fuzzy Soft Quasi-Normal operator, abbreviated as -FSQN operator. The primary objectives are to define this operator, examine its fundamental properties, and establish its basic operations. The conceptual framework is supported by pertinent examples. Finally, the relationships between the -FSQN operator and other known types of fuzzy soft operators are explored.
Characterization of Lentinula edodes Lectin: Effects of pH, Temperature, and Molecular Weight on Antifungal Activity
Lectin are characterized according to different methods like pH , temperature, molecular weight , different PH was taken in the range from (4_9) and the activity of lectin was determined by measuring the hemagglutination and different temperatures was taken to determine the lectin activity in the range (22,27,32,37 and 42 °C) in different durations (10,20,30) minutes and the molecular weight determination was done by gel filtration chromatography and the effects of different PH and temperatures on Candida spp. growth and lectin production by measuring the inhibition zones. The results of temperatures characteristics was shown have varying degrees of thermal stability the lectin activity peaked at 32(60.3)and the hemagglutination activity decrease with rising temperature and in PH the lectin activity peaked at PH 5(50.6) and the activity was decreased in PH (7,8,9) and the molecular weight of lectin was 100000.And the antifungal effectiveness of purified lectin against several spp. of Candida no inhibition was observed at very alkaline or extremely acidic PH values , lectin activity increase gradually from 22 to peak between 32 and37 and declined at 42 °C.
A Study on Structural Properties of Operators In Neutrosophic Banach Spaces
In this paper, I introduce and discuss the notations of linearity, bounded, continuous and invertibility of operators in neuromorphic Banach space. Furthermore, I establish important relationships among linearity, bounded, continuous. Additionally, I extend the study of these properties to the perturbation operator. Moreover, I discuss Lipschitz and contraction mappings, as well as uniqueness results related to fixed points.
neutrosophically contraction and neutrosophically invertible
A comparative evaluation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and murine double minute 2 in Iraqi breast cancer patients before therapy
Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent and life-threatening form of cancer, with a high rate of mortality. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells that overexplicitly proliferate in cancer and have potent immunosuppressive capacity. In the meantime, murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is also known to play an oncogenic role, especially in the development of breast cancer. Objective: This paper was designed to evaluate MDSCs and MDM2 as possible indicators to distinguish between patients with BC prior to treatment and healthy persons. Methods: In this case-control study, a total of 90 participants were enrolled, including 65 newly diagnosed, untreated breast cancer patients (cases) and 25 healthy individuals (controls). All patients were recruited from the Oncology Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used to measure the total levels of both MDSCs and MDM2 in peripheral blood. Results: The results of the current study indicated that the serum level of MDSCs was highly significant in breast cancer patients before receiving therapy (P≤0.001) compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, the MDM2 was also more elevated in BC patients than in healthy controls (P≤0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, the study found a highly significant difference in serum MDSCSs in BC patients before treatment compared to the control. We also observed elevated levels of MDM2 in BC patients, which we attributed to the onset of cancer.
Investigation of fungi isolated from stored yellow maize (Zea mays L.) in different regions of Iraq, and evaluation of aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus isolates
Stored yellow maize (Zea mays L.) provides a favorable substrate for fungal colonization, particularly under warm and humid conditions, which can lead to contamination with toxigenic species and aflatoxins. This study aimed to survey the mycobiota associated with stored yellow maize grains from different regions of Iraq and to assess the aflatoxin B1(AFB1)–producing potential of Aspergillus flavus isolates. Fungi were isolated and identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics using standard taxonomic keys. The fungal community was dominated by Aspergillus spp. 31.2% , followed by Penicillium 20.9%, Fusarium 18.7% and Alternaria 17.6% whereas Trichoderma and Rhizopus were less frequent 7.5% and 4.1% respectively. Isolates of A. flavus were subsequently screened for AFB1 production using thin-layer chromatography, and toxin levels in representative isolates were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. Aflatoxin B1 production was confirmed in a high proportion of the A. flavus isolates, and some strains exhibited relatively elevated AFB1 concentrations reaching 126.9 ppb and 112.6 ppb. Overall, these findings indicate a substantial prevalence of potentially toxigenic A. flavus in stored maize in Iraq and highlight the need for improved post-harvest handling, better storage conditions and regular monitoring of aflatoxin contamination to safeguard food and feed safety.
Purification of DNase Enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Various Clinical Sources
This study designed to isolate and purify (DNase) from Staphylococcus aureus that isolated from several clinical source collected at Al-Shaheed Al-Sader Hospital within the period extended from December 2023 to June 2024, it was 200 isolates. The isolates were screened for DNase production by using qualitative and quantitative assay, with 94% were DNase producers. The highest DNase production was detected in isolate S129, which was subjected to purification by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion exchange chromatography (IEC), and gel filtration chromatography. DNase activity was optimized at a saturation range of (75-85)% ammonium sulfate, and the maximum purity was achieved by ion exchange chromatography with (0.3 M NaCl), 121 U/mg specific activity of and a overall yield 21.1%. The results confirm the widespread production of DNase in S. aureus and demonstrate the effectiveness of the applied purification methods, providing valuable insights for further research on DNase as a virulence factor.
Artificial Intelligence Applications Influences on Learning English Language to Iraqi Secondary Schools Students; Descriptive Study
After the revolution of technology and artificial intelligence in all fields, this study aims at investigating the influences of using artificial intelligence applications on learning English language in Iraqi secondary schools. The population is all English language students in Iraqi secondary schools in Baghdad in The General Directorate of Education⁄ Al- Rusafa 2nd. This study has used a descriptive approach, a questionnaire has been used as an instrument to collect data. A sample of 200 students has been chosen randomly. The primary objectives of this study are; to evaluate the effectiveness of AI tools in enhancing English language skills; to assess students' attitudes towards the use of AI in the English language classroom ,and to explore the challenges and benefits associated with AI applications in English language. The results have been shown that Iraqi secondary students have been effected by using AI applications inspite of their probable risk and indicated a positive impact of the use of AI tools and improvement in students’ listening, speaking more than reading, and writing skills. The study has provided some suggestions and recommendations to increase the use of artificial intelligence to keep pace with global development.
Linguistic Politeness Strategies in Teacher-Student Interactions Across Diverse Disciplines
The current research aims to investigate how linguistic courtesy techniques are developed in the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) as well as in the social sciences and humanities at universities in Iraq. This study is grounded in the politeness theory by Brown and Levinson alongside Goffman’s concept of face, this study used a mixed-method design with two data collection instruments. Questionnaires were distributed to 200 students and 20 faculty members, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 faculty members. The findings show that faculty from the humanities tend to employ a more indirect and inclusive language, while STEM/science instructors prefer clear and direct language. The academic discourse and culture of the Iraqi population play a major role in Iraqi education. The paper concludes with practical suggestions for context-sensitive academic.
The Role of AI Tools on The Retention of EFL College Students' Reading Comprehension
Nowadays, students feel free to apply various sources of obtainable online information because of their ease of access and availability. Any source of AI tools for EFL students is allowed to be used by students .These new tools help students develop their academic accomplishment and expertise. The study aims to show whether AI tools have a negative or positive impact on students' retention of reading comprehension. 80 Third- year non-English students at Al Mustansiriyah University participated in the study .They were assigned into two groups: the first is the experimental group, and the second is the control group. The experimental group was taught reading using SQ3R (survey, question, read, recite ,and review)strategy along with AI tools, while the control group was taught using SQ3R strategy and too a test without the use of AI tools .In the current study, a one way ANOVA was used. The study follows a quasi-experimental design, which is a non-randomized control group posttest design. It is hypothesized that there is no statistically significant difference in the mean score of the students’ retention of reading comprehension who are taught using AI tools and those who are taught according to the traditional method. The study's results indicated that students in the experimental group achieved better outcomes than the students in the control group as shown by evaluation of their test scores .In addition ,the study revealed that combining AI tools demand not only information of technological tools but educational orientation that connects them with learning results .The study concludes that applying AI tools inside class draw a pedagogical tool that motivates students' psychological aspects to find out the most suitable answer as soon as possible .At the end of this current study, recommendations concentrate on future researches should be put forward.
Digital Competencies and Artificial Intelligence in Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language
Lifelong learning is crucial since knowledge is changing at such speeds that skills must be continuously mastered and reinforced. The challenge of artificial intelligence worries administrators because they think it will soon go from being a useful tool for human society to eventually taking over humanity. In education, artificial intelligence has altered the outmoded teacher - learner collaboration into one between a teacher or learner and artificial intelligence. This changeover necessitates a reconsidering of teachers' duties and the skills they request in the artificial intelligence era. However, few countries have well defined these competences or built nationwide programs to train teachers in artificial intelligence, leaving numerous educators lacking adequate supervision. Research indicates that artificial intelligence can provide benefits for teaching and learning English. Investigating the outcomes of AI's incorporation into education and the consequences it may have for institutions' futures is the aim of this study. It is an attempt to answer these questions: How is artificial intelligence being used for English language teaching and learning? What are the opportunities, issues, and challenges? The findings indicate that the integration of AI in education will provide new products, advantages, and disadvantages for educators and educational institutions.
Semantic Pragmatic Errors in Written Discourse of Iraqi EFL Students
The semantic pragmatic errors which the Iraqi EFL Students produced in their writings are investigated in this study. A total of 120 students of the English Language Department in College of Arts, Mustansiriyah University from the four academic years participated in the study. The data was collected via a written discourse task with formal letter writing, argumentative essay and short narrative texts. The analysis concentrated on identifying semantic and pragmatic errors, especially those impairing meaning and context. The findings showed that students from the first year made the highest number of such errors in pragmatic aspects such as speech acts, politeness strategy, context, etc. Students in higher levels make mistakes too but improved pragmatic ability. The results show that teaching learners about pragmatic and semantic clarity on purpose should be present in the curriculum to improve their communicative competency in written English. This research aids understanding of language learning difficulties in areas like Iraq which are multilingual and socioculturally complex.
Abdul Fattah Ismail's stance on the efforts for Yemeni unity 1967-1986
This study aims at highlighting the role of Abdel Fattah Ismail in the unitary steps between Yemen 1967-1986, identifying his efforts and events, and the study has been used to use the historical research approach. And three axes and conclusions, the boot included a glimpse of Hyatt Abdel Fattah Ismail, and the first axis addressed the role of Abdel Fattah Ismail Political in southern Yemen 1967-1971, and allocated the second axis of the position of Abdul Fattah Ismail from the unitary steps between the two 1972-1977, the third and last axis owed Abdel Fattah Ismail's position on the issue of the unity between the 1978-1986. The study concluded with a statement that included a number of results related to the subject, and is most prominent than President Abdel Fattah Ismail political stress on the course of the application of Yemeni unity, especially with a difference in the two political systems in the two sectors, as he had an intellectual consideration aimed at implementing socialist ideology, which is appropriate for the political unity of democratic unity.
Demographic characteristics of the female workforce in the education sector in the New Baghdad Municipality
The current study addresses the female workforce within the New Baghdad Municipality. The study's problem revolves around the most prominent obstacles facing the female workforce within the Baghdad Municipality. The study aims to identify the size of the demographic characteristics of the female workforce within the education sector in the Baghdad Municipality and to identify the numerical and relative distribution of the total workforce within the New Baghdad Municipality in 2025. The study sheds light on the reality of female workforce participation and its characteristics within the New Baghdad Municipality and reveals the status of the female workforce in the education sector, which is one of the fundamental pillars of providing educational services in schools in the New Baghdad Municipality and across its administrative units. The study relied on a descriptive analytical approach to demonstrate the size of the female workforce within the New Baghdad Municipality, its distribution, its analysis, and its problems. The study found that there was a difference in the educational level and recorded the highest number of holders of a bachelor’s degree in education, with a number of (5434/person), and the lowest number was recorded for holders of diplomas and doctorates, with a number of (8.89/person). The study also found that the vast majority of teaching staff fall within the middle age groups (40-49( years
Goal Pursuit and their Relationship with Fear of Negative Evaluation of the Students Department of Psychological Counseling and Educational Guidance
This study aimed to identify the level of goal pursuit among students of the Department of Psychological Counseling and Educational Guidance, and to examine the differences in goal pursuit based on the gender variable (male – female). It also aimed to explore the level of fear of negative evaluation among these students and to identify gender based differences in this fear (male – female). Additionally, the study sought to determine the correlation between goal pursuit and fear of negative evaluation.To measure goal pursuit, the researcher used the Brandtstädter & Renner (1990) scale, while Leary’s (1983) scale was used to measure fear of negative evaluation. The research sample consisted of 200 male and female students.The results revealed that the participants demonstrated a high level of goal pursuit, as well as a high level of fear of negative evaluation. Notably, the study found a positive correlation between goal pursuit and fear of negative evaluation.
students of the Department of Psychological Counseling and Educational Guidance
Nazik Al-Malaika’s Poetry: A Semiotic Study of the Poem “The Lover of the Night” as a Model
This study aims to approach the poem “Ashiqatu Al-Layl” (The Lover of the Night) by the pioneering Iraqi poet Nazik Al-Malaika from a semiotic perspective, based on the importance of signs and symbols in constructing meaning in modern poetry. The significance of the research stems from its attempt to shed light on the semiotic structure of the poetic text as an effective approach to understanding the intellectual and aesthetic dimensions that go beyond the poem’s surface meaning, particularly in Nazik Al-Malaika’s poetry, which is characterized by symbolism and emotional depth. The study seeks to reveal how the main semiotic signs in the poem—such as night, shadow, oud, and thunder—are employed and how they contribute to shaping the overall semantic system of the text, with a focus on the relationship between the signifier and the signified and the symbolic and philosophical dimensions that arise from it. It also aims to demonstrate the ability of poetic discourse to transform personal experience into a universal human expression through indirect modes of articulation. The study adopts the semiotic method, based on exploratory and interpretive reading of the text, as a critical approach capable of deconstructing the poem’s semantic structure and analyzing its system of signs. This contributes to enriching contemporary critical studies of modern Arabic poetry and opens new horizons for reading Nazik Al-Malaika’s poetic experience.
Fear of Loss and its Relationship to Cognitive Failure among Middle School Students
This study aims to explore the relationship between fear of loss and cognitive failure among middle school students. The descriptive-analytical method was applied using a questionnaire tool consisting of two dimensions, with each dimension containing 10 questions to measure both fear of loss and cognitive failure. The sample consisted of 200 middle school students from Al-Fadhila Secondary School in the first education district of Karkh . The study found statistically significant results indicating a relationship between the level of fear of loss and cognitive failure among students. The results showed that students with high levels of fear of loss tended to score lower in academic performance tests, suggesting that psychological fear affects their ability to focus and achieve academically. The results also indicated differences in the impact of fear of loss among students based on factors such as gender and academic specialization, with clear distinctions between male and female students in levels of fear of loss and cognitive failure. The study recommended the development of awareness and psychological counseling programs to help students manage feelings of fear of loss and improve their academic performance through effective learning techniques and psychological support methods. It also called for the inclusion of educational strategies that help students build self-confidence and enhance their time management and academic pressure management skills.