Journal of the College of Basic Education
The Journal of the College of Basic Education (CBEJ) is a refereed scientific journal issued by the College of Basic Education / Al-Mustansiriya University (Baghdad - Iraq) every three months and in two parts, one part for humanities and educational sciences and one part for pure sciences. Its first issue was in 1994 under the name of the Journal of Teachers College, whose name was changed to correspond with the name of the college in 2004 to the Journal of the College of Basic Education. The magazine holds a digital identifier (DOI). It also holds the International Standard Number (ISSN). ISSN:18157467 (Print) ISSN: 2706-8536 (Electronic)
Imaginary Numbers and the Power of Artificial Intelligence
The paper titled \"Imaginary Numbers and the Power of Artificial Intelligence\" investigates the enormous importance of imaginary numbers in boosting the performance levels of some particular AI technologies in deep learning, signal processing, and simulations of complex systems. Imaginary numbers, being multiples of the imaginary unit where (i^2=-1) and being an imaginary number, also are said to belong to the complex number system, where from every real number we can extend to the complex plane. This extension enables extra dimensions of calculative ability i.e. the AI systems can solve ultra complex and non-linear problems where real numbers are ineffectual. Once imaginary numbers were the realm of books and of an abstract branch of mathematics and physics. Now they are essential in practical implementations across AI disciplines. In complex-valued neural network architectures, for example, we need complex-valued neurons to deep model the many intricate and complex patterns and dynamics, which are essential for the tasks of processing audio, images, and smoothly and efficiently handling all the components of electromagnetic waves. Complex numbers are also used in Fourier transforms, an important and essential tool of signal processing. These transforms temporally and spectrally code a signal, thus converting it from one domain to the other, enhancing the AI systems\' ability for higher order and intelligent tasks. The review of literature demonstrates the primary usefulness of imaginary numbers in growing the theory of complex numbers most especially in its application in the AI. Complex numbers help in the improvement of neural network models in particular in the area of power systems analysis and load-flow calculations. With the aid of complex numbers, the further development of certain techniques used in Information Retrieval is achieved through the use of Complex Hilbert Spaces. Also, the theory of electromagnetism and fluid dynamics which is based on complex analysis, makes use of imaginary numbers. In a certain method, the focus of the paper is on the theorems and properties pertaining to imaginary numbers and its application to solving equations which real numbers cannot, not to mention its application in other fields of sciences. The study of complex numbers involves the use of various techniques of algebraic manipulation and geometric representation as well as calculus. Case studies prove that complex numbers can be integrated into AI. Another application of complex numbers in AI Communication is FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) used in the domain of signal processing. In Quantum computing, complex numbers and AI are merged to analyses molecular structures efficiently. As an example, listening to audio was significantly improved by CVNN (Code Vons Neumann) which employed architectures capable of processing complex data. The application of AI technology in complex spheres has also made the imaginary number become top
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Evaluating Classifier Robustness Under Local Structure-Based Adversarial Attacks in 3D Point Clouds
Adversarial attacks on 3D point clouds offer different difficulties and benefits compared to the 2D image-based ones. In this work, we aim to promote the robustness of adversarial attack methods and therefore propose approaches that target subsets of critical points in point cloud with a focus on local structural rather than global topology. This approach differs from ported 2D image attack strategies, as we consider the specific properties of 3D data including irregularity, recursiveness and geometric complexity. By disturbing point locals' part from the cloud, we want to generate more effective attacks that reveal weaknesses of 3D classifiers. The approach increases the effectiveness of adversarial attacks and takes into account differences in the structures used for representation of 3D data, which requires dedicated methods to successfully manipulate its sensitivity. We also study the robustness of 3D point cloud classifiers against such targeted attacks. We analyze the vulnerabilities of classifiers when facing adversarial attacks under various attack strategies and verify strategies to make them more robust
Forecasting Anemia Prevalence Among Women Of Reproductive Age In Iraq Using ARIMA
ANEMIA is one of the diseases that threaten global health indicators and mainly affects children and women of reproductive age (15-45) years. It also affects women of postpartum hemorrhage and during menstruation. In (this) research, women of childbearing age highlighted as an important period that affects the health of the fetus during pregnancy and has serious consequences for the child after birth. Data representing the number of women suffering from ANEMIA of reproductive age in Iraq was taken for the period (2000-2019). A time series model was used to analyze the study data, which is called the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Model (ARIMA), and the best model was chosen to predict the number of infections for the coming periods. The ARIMA model is distinguished by its flexibility and accuracy in the short-term forecasting process, and it has been widely used in many social, economic, health and other applications. Iraq witnessed a significant decrease in ANEMIA rates among women of childbearing age, as it reached (28.6) in 2019, after it was (39.5) in 2000. However, this indicator is still high compared to developed countries, so the forecasting process helps in taking Health measures necessary to reduce this threat. The ARIMA model (1,2,2) was chosen according to the AIC and HQC standards, and then the validity of the proposed model was examined when time changes. Through the MAPE test. After confirming the validity of the model, its parameters were estimated for use in predicting the number of ANEMIA cases in women of reproductive age for the period (2020-2028). The expected results indicate that there will be an increase in the number of infections during the coming period.
Articles for the humanities and pure sciences
Isolation of a Novel Brevibacillus parabrevis PS12 Strain from Soil and Determination of Optimal Conditions for Arginase Production
Soil-occupy Brevibacillus parabrevius PS12 species are known for their metabolically versatile and it is being discovered as source of natural enzymes valuable to industry. Arginase catalyzes the processing of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea, it is the one that plays a significant role in nitrogen metabolism Finding novel bacterial strains from environmental sources that are capable of producing the arginase enzyme is crucial for expanding microbial resources for industrial and pharmaceutical use. Among the 20 isolates, one isolate was identified as Brevibacillus parabrevis PS12 (97% 16S rRNA similarity, GenBank accession no. (PX118439.1), representing the first report from Iraqi soil. Arginase activity reached 8.3 U/mg protein a peak in nutritional source with maltose as a arbone source and casein as a Nitrogen source, the physical parameters also effect on enzyme specific activity at 7.0 pH, 37°C, and 48 hours of incubation time with shaker incubator 150 rpm to ensure the homogeneity of all medium components and continuous aeration all these factors contributed to an increase in bacterial biomass which led to a rise in the specific activity of arginase.
Hybrid Method for Ultrasound Image Enhancement Based on Deep Learning Technology
Noise removal is an essential preprocessing step, especially with medical images. When dealing with ultrasound images, it is extremely important to ensure the success and accuracy of the diagnosis. Due to some factors accompanying the image capture process, we notice some noise accompanying the image, which leads to difficulty in the process of seeing fine and sensitive tissues and complex areas correctly. There are many techniques used in this field, which are well-known but have certain limitation. On the other hand, there are some techniques such as deep networks, which have proven their worth, but they consume large amounts of data in the training phase. In this research, a new method is presented that combines a Residual Dense Network (RDN) with adaptive noise estimation techniques, some traditional filters, and deep learning techniques. The goal of this combination is to improve the clarity and contrast of radiological images. The rationale behind this approach is that the two methods will compensate for each other's weaknesses while reinforcing their respective strengths. Experiments on a model showed great improvement in the quality of the images, as validated by the PSNR, SSIM, NIQUE index, direct rate, mean square error rate. The model was tested over a set of large radiological images in benign as well as in malignant cases, and the noise effect was investigated in terms of 20, 50, 80, and 100 levels.
Numerical analysis and stability of a prey-predator model with partial refuge and continuous harvesting
A modified prey–predator model with partial refuge and proportional harvesting is investigated. The model consists of a pair of nonlinear ordinary differential equations that describe the interaction between prey and predator. The growth of the prey population is influenced describing by logistic factors and a Holling type II response. The solution is proven to exist, be positive, and be bounded. We determine all biologically feasible equilibrium points and study their local stability using the Routh-Hurwitz. For the global stability of the boundary and interior equilibrium points, the Lyapunov function construction is also used. The analytical results are validated in the numerical simulations describing the dynamical behaviour of the system.
Constrained Reliability Allocation for Complex Systems Using an Enhanced Harmony Search Optimization Approach
This paper focuses on calculating the allocation and optimal reliability distribution for each component of a complex system by estimating a polynomial reliability function using the shortest path method and applying matrices to find the most successful path for the device. Most studies, with their development, rely on increasing closed-loop functions to link cost and its direct relationship to reliability that is, a direct relationship between reliability and cost, meaning that the cost of a component increases with its reliability. However, these relationships can sometimes be complex, ambiguous, or difficult to construct. In this study, the reliability function of the complex system was extracted using MATLAB version R2020a, and the correlation between cost and reliability was examined across several datasets. In addition to determining the overall cost and reliability of the system, the Harmonic Search (HSA) algorithm was used to determine the cost and reliability of each individual component. The performance of this algorithm was optimized, and an optimal reliability distribution was achieved, by applying the Behavior model (cost function).
Studying the Effect of Annealing Temperature on Some Optical Properties of Lithium Fluoride Thin Films
Lithium Fluoride (LiF) thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation under vacuum (TEV), on glass substrate at room temperature of (303K). After that the films were treated thermally at temperature of (473,573 K) for one hour, with thickness of (400±10 nm). The optical properties of (LiF) thin films were studied within the wavelength range of (200-1100) nm. It was found that it has a high transmittance between (80 – 95 %) percentage, and low absorption and reflectivity in the (visible, near infrared) region. The value of energy gap was calculated and it was found that it is value is (5.1 eV) and the energy gab decreased to (5eV) with increasing annealing temperature. The value of some optical constants such as Absorption (α), Extinction coefficient (Kο) and Reflective index (n) were also calculated
Studying The Effect Of Time Variation On Some Properties Of Vermiwash Extracted From Earthworms Incubators
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of time on the physical and chemical properties of earthworm fluid extracted from earthworm incubators. Earthworms, classified within the phylum Annelida ,class Clitellata, order Oligochaeta, were reared in 30 cm diameter plastic incubators. Twenty worms were placed in each incubator, and grated potato was added daily as their feed. Earthworm fluid was collected from the incubators every two weeks. The results indicated a variation in the nutrient content of the earthworm fluid during the incubation period. It was also shown that the pH value decreased slightly, becoming acidic, decreasing from 6.5 to 5.5. Electrical conductivity levels also fluctuated. The percentage in the worm fluid was 3.16 after two weeks of the experiment, 3.51 in the fourth week, and reached its highest point at 4.27 in the sixth week, before decreasing to 2.67 in the eighth week. The results showed a slight increase in phosphorus concentration, rising from 0.022 to 0.62 during the collection process. The sodium content increased from 1.98 to 2.65. The results also showed a significant increase in nitrogen concentration from 5.8 to 15.8. Similarly, potassium concentration gradually increased in the worm fluid over the weeks of collection, from 1.20 to 5.75. However,the organic matter content in the incubators decreased significantly from 40.01 to 5.41. Furthermore, using grated potatoes as earthworm feed improves the nutritional composition and quality of the worm fluid, making it a valuable source of essential nutrients for plant growth.
The Impact of Karen's Educational Exercises on Learning the Skill of Peaceful Basketball Shooting for Students
Teaching represents a fundamental pillar of the educational and pedagogical process, as it plays a pivotal role in establishing effective the interactive relationship established between the teacher and the learner within the educational process to ensure the accurate and meaningful delivery of knowledge. Through teaching, knowledge and skills are systematically acquired by learners, whether they are pupils, students, or athletes, under the guidance of teachers, instructors, or coaches. Over time, a wide range of ideas, concepts, and perspectives have emerged concerning effective and appropriate teaching methods tailored to different learner groups. These approaches primarily aim to promote renewal, improvement, and continuous development in order to achieve successful educational outcomes . In recent years, the game of basketball has witnessed remarkable and ongoing advancement with significant progress observed over the last decade in our country. The involvement of foreign professional players and coaches has contributed significantly to changing public perception of the game and elevating its technical and performance standards. This noticeable progress highlights the necessity of keeping pace with contemporary developments through the modernization of educational and instructional practices. Accordingly, the researcher adopted the Karen Model as an instructional framework for teaching selected basic basketball skills to students. The importance of this study lies in examining the impact of educational exercises designed in accordance with the Karen Model on learning the basketball lay-up shooting skill among students.
The Effect Of Beyer's Strategy On The Achievement And Critical Thinking Of Sixth-Grade Female Students In Mathematics.
The study aimed to identify the impact of the Beyer strategy on the achievement and critical thinking of sixth-grade female students in mathematics. The researcher followed the experimental method with partial control, known as the quasi-experimental method with a post-test. Equivalence was achieved between the control and experimental groups. The study sample consisted of (67) female students. The experimental group, numbering (34) students, studied according to the Beyer strategy, while the control group studied according to the traditional teaching method. The researcher prepared two tests: the first was an achievement test and the second was a critical thinking test. Both items were verified for validity, reliability, and statistical analysis. The results of the study showed that the experimental group, which used the Beyer strategy, outperformed the control group in achievement and critical thinking.
Evaluating the Learning Outcomes of Art Education Students in the Design Course According to Quality Standards
The research problem is defined as: (To what extent are learning outcomes achieved among fourth-year students in the Design course in the Art Education Department according to quality standards?) The research aims to: Identify the targeted learning outcomes in the Design course. Apply an assessment tool to measure the achievement of learning outcomes. Analyze student results and identify strengths and weaknesses. Provide recommendations to improve the quality of education in the Design course. The research population consisted of students in the Art Education Department at the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University. The research sample was selected, consisting of (34) fourth-year students, both male and female. The researcher also constructed a form to evaluate cognitive, skill, and affective learning outcomes. The results of the analysis of the evaluation of students' learning outcomes showed good achievement of the targeted learning outcomes in the Design course according to quality standards, reflecting the efficiency of the curriculum and educational methods used. However, there is a need to strengthen some educational aspects related to practical application, including: Holding training workshops to develop the educational aspect of students. Employing digital design programs in teaching and projects. Promoting a culture of self-assessment and critical thinking. Continuously reviewing and developing assessment tools. In continuation of the current research, the researcher proposes evaluating learning outcomes according to quality standards for students in the Department of Arts Education's theater course.
The Level of Practicing Innovative Leadership Strategies to Support Total Quality Management Requirements among Employees in Sports Activities at Iraqi Universities
This study aimed to identify the level of practicing innovative leadership strategies to support Total Quality Management (TQM) requirements among employees working in sports activities at Iraqi universities, as well as to examine differences in the level of such practice according to certain demographic variables, particularly gender. The study was based on the importance of innovative leadership as one of the modern administrative approaches that contribute to improving institutional performance, fostering a culture of creativity, and supporting TQM requirements in university institutions, especially in the sports activities sector, which plays an important educational and developmental role .The study adopted the descriptive–comparative method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The research population consisted of employees working in sports activities at Iraqi universities, while the research sample included (80) male and female participants selected randomly. To collect data, the researcher used a questionnaire specifically designed to measure innovative leadership in supporting TQM requirements. The questionnaire comprised four main dimensions: innovative vision and strategic planning, encouragement of creativity and job empowerment, continuous improvement and change management, and quality-based decision-making and teamwork.The results showed that the level of practicing innovative leadership strategies to support TQM requirements among employees in sports activities at Iraqi universities was generally moderate, with variation across the different dimensions. The study recommended the adoption of specialized training and development programs targeting leaders and employees in sports activities at Iraqi universities.
The Effect of Participatory Art on Developing Cooperation and Communication Skills among second-grade intermediate students
The present study aims to identify the effectiveness of an educational program based on participatory art in developing cooperation and communication skills among second-grade intermediate students. The importance of the study stems from the need to develop social skills at this educational stage due to their role in enhancing positive interaction and teamwork within the school environment, particularly in art education classes. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a pre-test and post-test design with an experimental group and a control group. The research sample consisted of 50 students from the second intermediate grade at Al-Duha Intermediate School for Girls, affiliated with the Directorate of Education of Baghdad / Al-Karkh First, and was equally divided into two groups. The experimental group was taught using the participatory art-based program, while the control group was taught using the traditional method. Two observation checklists were used to measure cooperation and communication skills. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, confirming the effectiveness of the program in developing the targeted skills.
The Reality of Using Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Research and Ethical Responsibility among Chemistry Department Students at the College of Education Diyala University
The current research aims to identify the reality of using Artificial Intelligence (AI) in scientific research and the ethical responsibility among students of the Chemistry Department at the College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Diyala. The research community consisted of (163) male and female students from the fourth stage of the Chemistry Department ،The research sample consisted of (62) male and female fourth-year students, and the researcher adopted a descriptive research methodology due to its alignment with the research problem and objectives. The researcher developed two research instruments: the first was a scale to measure the reality of AI usage consisting of two domains with a total of (20) items, where the first domain represents the extent of AI usage in scientific research (10 items) and the second domain addresses the difficulties of using AI in scientific research (10 items). The second instrument was an ethical responsibility scale comprising four domains (data privacy, transparency in information use, scientific integrity, and plagiarism) with a total of (16) items, four for each domain, utilizing a five-point Likert scale for both instruments. The researcher established both face and content validity and used Cornbrash’s alpha to measure reliability, which reached (0.91) for the first scale and (0.93) for the second scale. The results indicated that the extent of using AI tools was "high" with a weighted mean of (3.51), and the difficulties encountered also ranked "high" with a weighted mean of (3.54), while ethical responsibility regarding AI use in scientific research was "high" with a weighted mean of (3.93). In light of these results, the researcher offered several recommendations, including the necessity of using AI in scientific research and overcoming the obstacles students face, as well as emphasizing students' commitment to ethical responsibility when preparing scientific research. The researcher also suggested conducting similar studies for other academic subjects and higher education levels (Master's and Doctorate).
The Effect Of The Rally Robin Strategy On Developing The Skill Performance Of Art Education Students In The Mural Art Course
The current research aims to identify the extent of the impact on using the Rally Robin strategy in development. The skill performance of students in the Department of Art Education in the subject of mural art. To achieve the research objective, the researcher formulated the following two null hypotheses: There are no statistically significant differences at the (0005) significance level between the mean ranks of the experimental group and the mean ranks of the control group in the post-test cognitive achievement test in the subject of mural art. 2.There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) significance level between the mean ranks of the experimental group and the mean ranks of the control group in the skills performance test in mural art. Dimensionally. The current research population consisted of fourth-year students in the Art Education Department at the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, and Maysan University during the 2025-2026 academic year (morning studies). The total number of students in both departments was 215. The research sample was selected purposively from the Art Education Department at the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, as the field for the research, given that the researcher is an art instructor in the department. The sample comprised fourth-year students studying mural art, distributed across four classrooms. The researcher randomly selected classrooms 2 and 3, totaling 64 students. These students were divided into two groups: an experimental group of 30 students (13 male and 17 female), and a control group. The second control group had (30) students, including (14) male students and (16) female students. The researcher adopted the experimental method as it was the appropriate method to achieve the research objective. The researcher used appropriate data tabulation tools, namely: the cognitive achievement test. The skills test and observation form The researcher used the following statistical methods with the assistance of the SPSS statistical program Independent samples t-test, chi-square test for good fit 2.Discrimination equation for objective items, difficulty equation for objective items, effectiveness equation. 3.Incorrect alternatives for objective items, effect size equation, Lena Square 12. Pearson correlation equation, Querez-Richardson equation 20. The researcher reached a set of results, including: The experimental group that studied mural art using the Rally Robin strategy performed better on the post-test than the pre-test due to the application of the Rally Robin strategy. There were significant differences in favor of the post-test. A set of suggestions, including: Applying the Rally Robin strategy to other variables, such as ceramics. Applying the Rally Robin strategy in design techniques. The researcher recommended several measures, including: Adopting the current study in teaching mural art to fourth-year art education students in colleges of basic education.
The Effect Of Offensive Tactical Exercises On Endurance, Ability, And Scoring Accuracy Among Players Of The University Of Al-Kut Futsal Team
The importance of the research emerged in developing offensive tactical exercises, to develop the ability to endure and the accuracy of scoring among the players of the University of Al-kut Futsal team, the purpose of which is to continue playing, which requires a distinctive strength in speed (ability) and to endure this ability for a relatively long period of time (endurance of strength distinguished by speed) or (endurance of ability) that performs an important function in repeating the implementation of the skillful and tactical performance with high efficiency during training and matches. The research aimed to prepare offensive tactical exercises for the players of the University of Al-kut futsal team. And to identify the effect of offensive tactical exercises on endurance capacity and scoring accuracy among the players of the University of Al-kut futsal team. As for the research methodology, the researchers followed the experimental approach. The research community and its sample were the players of the University of Al-kut Futsal team for the academic year 2024-2025, numbering (16) players. The research sample was chosen intentionally, which was (14) players after excluding goalkeepers due to the legal specificity of their game. They were divided randomly equally into two groups, a control and an experimental group. The research sample constituted (87.5%) of the research community. After the researchers conducted the pre-tests and applied the planning exercises and conducted the post-tests, the results were processed, presented and discussed. Based on these results, the researchers reached the most important conclusions, which are: Offensive tactical exercises raised the players' physical level, especially their endurance. This was because the exercises were characterized by continuity and standardization in their application, in addition to being characterized by changing direction, rapid rotation, and exchanging positions between players. This is what causes the players to reach a stage of fatigue during performance
Developing achievement in mathematics and the dimensions of sustainable education for middle school students through the effectiveness of the strategy of scientific stations and proposing a model for their development "experimental study"
The research aimed to identify the development of mathematical achievement and sustainable education dimensions among middle school students through the scientific stations strategy: An experimental study." The basic research sample consisted of first-grade middle school students, numbering (78) students, distributed into two groups: the first experimental and the second control. The research used the experimental method as a research approach, with a quasi-experimental design for two equivalent groups with a post-test. The research had two instruments: the first, an achievement test in mathematics consisting of (30) multiple-choice items with a test reliability coefficient of (0.76), and the second, a scale to measure sustainable education with its four dimensions, which consisted of (20) items distributed equally across its dimensions with a test reliability coefficient of (0.78). The research concluded in its results, according to the statistics of the data revealed by the statistical analysis, the superiority of the experimental group with a clear statistical significance over the control group, confirming the effectiveness of the scientific stations strategy in teaching mathematics on both direct academic achievement and sustainable education with its environmental, economic, social, and educational dimensions
Effect Employing the PDEODE Six-Dimensional Strategy in Developing Mathematical Connection Skills and Mathematical Knowledge Management among Tenth-Grade Science Students
This study aims to investigate the effect of employing the Six-Dimensional Strategy (PDEODE) on developing mathematical connectivity skills and mathematical knowledge management skills among tenth-grade scientific stream female students. To verify the research objectives, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design with partial control. The experiment was conducted on a sample of (61) female students from the tenth grade at Zayan Preparatory School, under the Independent Zakho Education Directorate, during the academic year (2023–2024). The sample was selected purposively from the research population and randomly distributed into two equivalent groups: an experimental group consisting of (31) students who studied the subject according to the PDEODE strategy, and a control group consisting of (30) students who studied the same subject using the conventional method. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed two instruments. The first was a Mathematical Connectivity Test comprising (30) multiple-choice items distributed across three skills: (1) knowing and applying relationships among mathematical ideas, (2) understanding the interconnection between mathematical ideas and how they are constructed, and (3) connecting mathematics to real life and other sciences. The second instrument was a Mathematical Knowledge Management Scale, consisting in its final form of (20) items distributed across five skills knowledge construction, knowledge organization, knowledge representation, knowledge application, and knowledge evaluation with (4) items per skill, responded to on a three-point Likert scale (Agree, Neutral, Disagree) , Following verification of the psychometric properties of both instruments, the researcher implemented the experiment after providing the mathematics teacher with all lesson plans for both the experimental and control conditions at the beginning of the second semester. Upon completion of the experiment, the Mathematical Connectivity Test and the Mathematical Knowledge Management Scale were administered on two consecutive days, on 17–18 April 2024. Data were collected and statistically analyzed using the SPSS software package, yielding the following findings: Statistically significant differences at the (α = 0.05) significance level were found between the mean scores of the two research groups in favor of the experimental group in the development of mathematical connectivity skills. Statistically significant differences at the (α = 0.05) significance level were found between the mean scores of the two research groups in favor of the experimental group in the development of mathematical knowledge management skills. Statistically significant differences at the (α = 0.05) significance level were found between the pre-test and post-test mean scores of the experimental group — which studied according to the PDEODE strategy — on both mathematical connectivity and mathematical knowledge management skills, in favor of the post-test. In light of these findings, the researcher put forward several recommendations, including the integration of the PDEODE strategy within mathematics curricula in relation to mathematical connectivity skills and knowledge management. A number of suggestions were also presented for directing future research in this area.
The Effectiveness of Ceramic Facades in Architectural Space (An Analytical Study)
This research examines the effectiveness of contemporary ceramic façades as a material and visual system that contributes to reshaping the architectural identity of buildings, going beyond the traditional function of the façade as merely an external envelope. The research problem arises from questioning the extent to which ceramics, as a technologically developed contemporary material, can produce a visual and aesthetic discourse within the formation of spatial experience that interacts with place, human presence, and the urban context. The research aims to identify the effectiveness of ceramic façades in architectural space and to analyze their role in shaping spatial experience and enriching the contemporary architectural scene. The first chapter also includes a definition of the key terms of the research. The second chapter addresses the theoretical framework and previous studies, and is composed of three sections. The first section discusses industrial ceramics and their technological transformations in architectural applications. The second section examines the ceramic façade as a visual medium for constructing contemporary architectural identity. The third section addresses digital technologies and their impact on the reformulation of contemporary ceramic façades. The chapter concludes with indicators derived from the theoretical framework and previous studies.The third chapter presents the research procedures. It includes the research population, which consists of (15) models, from which a sample of (3) models was intentionally selected to cover the research boundaries, adopting the descriptive method to analyze the research sample.The fourth chapter presents the results, discussion, conclusions, recommendations, and proposals, which reflect ideas and implications based on the applications of the effectiveness of ceramic façades in architectural space. Among the most important results reached by the researcher: The ceramic façade is capable of performing the role of a cultural mediator, as it combines the contemporary technological dimension with the symbolic dimension linked to the memory of the material and its history, granting the building an identity dimension that goes beyond purely formal characteristics. Among the most important conclusions 1It can be concluded that contemporary ceramic façades represent a qualitative transformation in architectural thought, shifting from the logic of superficial decoration to the logic of integrated visual and environmental effectiveness
" The Effect Of Teaching Using (Presseisen) A Model On The Achievement Of The Third Intermediate Grade Students In Chemistry"
The research seeks to understand "The effect of teaching using (presseisen) a model on the achievement of the third intermediate grade students in chemistry" . The study populaation was limited to third year intermediate students in secondary and intermediate schools associated with the General Directorate of Education of Ninava Governorate / Talkaif for the academic year ( 2025/2026).The researchers adopted a quasi-a partially controlled experimental design control, which required two independent groups: an experimental group taught using the (presseisen) model and a control group taught through the conventional method, followed by a post-test. The study sample was selected purposively from (Deir Umm Tutha Secondary) School for Boys and consisted of (49) Students were distributed between two . The experimental group included (25) students, while the control group consisted of (24) students.In light of the reviewed instructional topics and the general objectives, the researchers formulated 203 behavioral objectives based on Bloom’s taxonomy across its six cognitive levels. They proceeded to develop an achievement test as the research instrument. In its final form, the test contained (40) Multiple-choice questions, each consisting of four options Following statistical analysis using the t-test for two independent samples and processing the data with (SPSS and Excel). the outcomes indicated that students in the experimental group who studied chemistry according to the (presseisen) model outperformed those in the control group who were taught the same Students taught using the traditional method on the achievement test.
Students of the Third Intermediate Grade
Social Values in Television Drama After 2003: The Hotel Series as a Case Study
Television drama is an art form that relies on reality and society in general as its raw material. This drama attempts to penetrate, reveal, and analyze human society, as well as select a set of events related to society and influenced by changes in time or place. This is what attracted the researcher's attention, leading him to choose the title of his research: (Social Values ​​in Television Drama After 2003: The Hotel Series as a Model). The theoretical framework of this research is based on the following: Chapter One (Methodological Framework): This chapter includes the research problem, which is expressed in the following question: What is the nature of social values ​​in Iraqi television drama after 2003? It also includes the importance of the research, its objectives, its limitations, and a definition of terms. Chapter Two (Theoretical Framework): The research is divided into two sections as follows: Section One: Social Value and Visual Structure: This section examines the nature of social values ​​and how they are employed in visual structure through the use of elements of cinematic language. Section Two: Iraqi Television Drama: In this section, the researcher examines Iraqi television drama as a historical introduction, as well as the nature of the themes and events it has addressed throughout its history since 2003. The researcher developed a set of theoretical framework indicators which he adopted as tools for analyzing the research sample. Chapter Three (Research Procedures): This chapter includes the research methodology, the research population, the analytical tools, the research sample, and the analysis of the sample, which was the Iraqi television series "The Hotel," directed by Hassan Hosni and produced in 2019. Chapter Four (Results and Conclusions): After analyzing the sample, the researcher reached several conclusions, including: Iraqi drama after 2003 was replete with themes and events that addressed social and religious issues with a boldness in their presentation, such as moral deviance, homosexuality, rape, human trafficking, and police corruption. This was evident in the research sample, specifically the Iraqi drama series "The Hotel." The researcher then presented a set of conclusions and concluded the research with a list of the sources he used.
The Effect of Applying Educational Stations According to the Skills-Based Learning Model on Learning Some Basic Handball Skills
This study aimed to identify the effect of applying educational stations according to the Skills-Based Learning (SBL) model on learning some basic handball skills among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The research sample consisted of (42) students who were randomly assigned to the two groups. The educational program based on educational stations was applied to the experimental group, while the control group was taught using the traditional method. The skills under investigation included dribbling, passing and receiving, and shooting accuracy. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in all the studied skills. This improvement is attributed to the effectiveness of educational stations in increasing actual practice time and organizing skill learning. The study concluded that Skills-Based Learning is one of the effective approaches for improving motor performance in handball. Accordingly, the researcher recommended adopting educational stations based on the Skills-Based Learning model in teaching basic handball skills and shifting from traditional methods to modern instructional models based on active learning.
The Effectiveness of the M.U.R.D.E.R Strategy in the Achievement of Art Education Department Students in the Subject of Aesthetics
The educational process seeks to improve students’ academic achievement, particularly in subjects of a philosophical and aesthetic nature that require deep understanding and analysis of concepts. The present study aimed to identify the effectiveness of the M.U.R.D.E.R strategy in enhancing the achievement of students in the Art Education Department in the subject of Aesthetics. The researcher adopted an experimental methodology using a pretest–posttest design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research population consisted of third-year students from the Colleges of Basic Education at Al-Mustansiriyah University and the University of Maysan. The research sample included (62) male and female students from the College of Basic Education at Al-Mustansiriyah University, who were randomly assigned into two equivalent groups. The experimental group was taught according to the M.U.R.D.E.R strategy, while the control group was taught using the conventional method. An achievement test of the multiple-choice type was used, consisting of (30) items in its final form. The results revealed statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the experimental and control groups in the post-achievement test, as well as significant differences between the pre- and post-tests for the experimental group, all in favor of the experimental group. Moreover, the adjusted gain ratio based on McGuigan’s equation indicated a noticeable improvement in students’ academic achievement, demonstrating the effectiveness of the M.U.R.D.E.R strategy in enhancing the achievement of Art Education Department students in the subject of Aesthetics
Using the Needham Model in Teaching Wrestling to Teach Students Some Wrestling Grips
Research objectives: Develop educational units based on the Needham model that are appropriate for the research sample's abilities. Identify the application of the Needham model in teaching wrestling to students to teach certain wrestling grips. The researcher used the experimental method to adapt it to the nature of the problem using the experimental design "pre-test and post-test for one group." The research sample was selected from fourth-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, during the period from 10/20/2024 to 12/4/2024. The results of the tests proved the validity of the educational units used in the research, as there was a positive effect between the results of the pre- and post-tests for the experimental group, in favor of the post-tests in learning some wrestling holds. It was recommended that the educational units can be used according to the Needham model in specific small spaces and areas, especially when occupying a large area.
Strategic Building On The Theoretical Approach Of Information Education And Its Role In The Acquisition Of Technical Analysis And Criticism For Students Of The Institute Of Fine Arts
The research aims to develop an instructional strategy based on Experiential Learning Theory and to identify its effect on students’ achievement in the subject of Art Analysis and Criticism at the Institute of Fine Arts. The research population consisted of fifth-grade morning-study students in boys’ Institutes of Fine Arts in Iraq, totaling (973) students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the experimental method and selected a sample of (40) fifth-grade students from the Institute of Fine Arts, who were divided into two groups. Several statistical methods were utilized, and the results revealed the following: There were statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the achievement test in favor of the experimental group. The calculated t-value was (6.90) compared to the tabulated value of (2.02), indicating a large effect size of (1.87). There were statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-achievement test scores of the experimental group in favor of the post-test. The calculated t-value reached (7.36) compared to the tabulated value of (2.09), reflecting a large effect size of (2.21). The study presented several recommendations, most notably: Adopting the Experiential Critical Journey Strategy as one of the primary strategies for teaching Art Analysis and Criticism in Iraqi Institutes of Fine Arts. Integrating the strategy into teaching plans for other art subjects due to its proven impact on achievement. To complement the research procedures, the researcher suggests conducting further studies, including: The effect of the Experiential Critical Journey Strategy on other art subjects such as art appreciation, design, and art history. The effect of the strategy on developing artistic creativity and innovation skills among Fine Arts students.
Teaching using the interactive whiteboard and its impact on the achievement of art education students in the subject of sculpture
The current research aims to identify the effect of teaching using the interactive whiteboard on the academic achievement of students of the Department of Art Education in the subject of Sculpture. The research is limited to third-year students in the morning study program and the content of the Sculpture course for the academic year 2025–2026, first semester. It also includes the definition of terms. Chapter Two consists of three sections: teaching, the interactive whiteboard, sculpture, and the indicators of the theoretical framework. Chapter Three presents the research methodology, where the experimental method was adopted. The research population was identified, and a random sample of (70) students was selected. The study defined the objectives, constructed lesson plans and a measurement instrument, which was presented to a group of specialists to establish validity and reliability. The experiment was applied to both the experimental and control groups using several statistical methods. The research concluded that the interactive whiteboard contributed to creating a spirit of teamwork among third-year students in the Sculpture course, as it facilitates the teacher’s ability to monitor students’ responses and evaluate their academic level. The researcher recommended the necessity of equipping classrooms with interactive whiteboards to benefit from them in developing students’ skills and enriching both practical and theoretical subjects. The study also suggested conducting further research on the effect of the interactive whiteboard in developing creative thinking among students of the College of Basic Education in the subjects of Arabic calligraphy and ornamentation. The research concludes with Arabic and foreign references and appendices
The Effectiveness of the Listening Triangle and Responsibility Circle Strategies in Acquiring Practical Mechanics and Managing Time for Completing Laboratory Experiments among First-Year Physics Students
The current research aims to determine the effectiveness of the Listening Triangle strategy and the Responsibility Circle strategy in improving the achievement of practical mechanics students and their time management skills for conducting laboratory experiments. To achieve this objective, null hypotheses formulated, and an experiment conducted over the course of a full semester that is the first semester of the academic year. The research population consisted of first-year physics students at the College of Education, Mustansiriyah University. A purposive sampling method used to select a sample of 72 students. Equivalence between the two groups have ensured through the variables of age (in months), prior knowledge, and time management. The necessary equipment for the experiment has developed, including an achievement test, as no suitable tests were available for this research. Additionally, a time management scale was developed and its psychometric properties verified. After the students completed all laboratory experiments, the research groups tested using the developed instruments. Data analysis revealed that the first experimental group outperformed the second and control groups in both achievement and time management, while the second experimental group outperformed the control group in the dependent variables. In light of these results, a set of recommendations and suggestions made for conducting subsequent studies to complement the current research.
Opposing Dualities and Their Reflections in Commercial Advertisement Designs
The coupling of opposing dualities in commercial advertisement designs is a justified approach. The inclination of each duality toward the other confirms their convergence, culminating in a merger into a unified completely where each serves as a cornerstone for the other. In his creative process, the designer departs from a preconceived idea; he is the very originator of ideas and concepts. Thus, the forms he employs within the design process are perpetually renewed in meaning. The first chapter addressed the following question: What are the opposing dualities and their reflections in commercial advertisement designs? The aim of the research is to identify the opposing dualities and their reflections in commercial advertisement designs. The significance of the research lies in: Its contribution to offering a novel perspective for analyzing visual discourse through the lens of opposing dualities. Enriching Iraqi and Arab libraries, as well as the resources available to specialists—both in specific and general fields—on the topic of opposing dualities. The second chapter included the first section (The Concept of Opposing Dualities), while the second section was (The Duality of Presence and Absence and its Reflections in Commercial Advertisement Designs). The third chapter presented the conclusions, which were as follows: The dualities were manifested through a synthesis of elements that achieved a formal dimension, alternating between the formal presence and partial absence of other elements. The mechanism of presence oscillated between the apparent description of a form, whose meaning-completing details were absent, thus allowing for the presence of another form laden with added meaning to the design unit, which was centralized within the design field of the commercial advertisements. The dualities embodied a clear contrast in the design proposal by establishing a discourse operating on both the formal and semantic levels, conveying opposing significations that achieve a meaning fundamental to commercial advertisements. As for the recommendations, the two researchers recommended the following: Urging designers to investigate and explore the best methods to keep pace with scientific advancement through experimentation and the use of state-of-the-art software, in order to advance towards a new and effective design future in the application of opposing dualities. The study recommends integrating the duality of Presence and Absenceinto design curricula within postgraduate programs across various disciplines.
The Effectiveness of a Strategy Based on Connectivism Theory in Developing Cognitive Motivation among Female Students of the Institute of Fine Arts in the Subject of Aesthetic Education
The present study aims to develop a strategy based on connectivism theory and examine its effectiveness in enhancing cognitive motivation among female students at the Institute of Fine Arts in Aesthetic Education. The study arises from rapid digital transformations, prompting reconsideration of traditional teaching methods and adoption of contemporary learning theories, including connectivism, which emphasizes interaction and linking multiple knowledge sources within networked environments. The researcher employed an experimental method with a partial control design, involving two equivalent groups (experimental and control) and pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of 60 female students, equally distributed between the two groups. The experimental group received instruction via the connectivism-based strategy, while the control group followed the conventional method. The experiment lasted eight weeks. A cognitive motivation scale was administered before and after the experiment Results indicated statistically significant improvements the experimental group’s post-test scores, demonstrating the strategy’s effectiveness in developing cognitive motivation The study recommended that instructors adopt modern teaching strategies, including this strategy, in teaching the subject of aesthetic education.