Journal of the College of Basic Education
The Journal of the College of Basic Education (CBEJ) is a refereed scientific journal issued by the College of Basic Education / Al-Mustansiriya University (Baghdad - Iraq) every three months and in two parts, one part for humanities and educational sciences and one part for pure sciences. Its first issue was in 1994 under the name of the Journal of Teachers College, whose name was changed to correspond with the name of the college in 2004 to the Journal of the College of Basic Education. The magazine holds a digital identifier (DOI). It also holds the International Standard Number (ISSN). ISSN:18157467 (Print) ISSN: 2706-8536 (Electronic)
Influence of Electrode Shape on Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Characteristics
Dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) are a typical example of non-thermal atmospheric-pressure gas discharges generated in configurations with an insulating (dielectric) material between the electrodes. This work is to provide a better understanding of the breakdown processes and plasma formation, as well as the effect of the shape and configuration of electrodes on the produced plasma parameters, since the choice of electrode materials, geometry, and arrangement can influence plasma parameters such as electron density, electron energy distribution, and plasma temperature; understanding these characteristics helps optimize the plasma for specific applications. Three types of DBD plasma systems were presented in this work by varying the electrode shape and arrangement; the results indicated that electrode shape and configuration play essential roles in determining plasma parameters
Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge (APGD)
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Curcumin-Mediated Inhibition of L-Tryptophanase activity: Purification and Characterization from Escherichia coli
The study's objective was to use curcumin to limit the activity of the enzyme L-tryptophanase (Tnase). Curcumin is known as diferuloylmethane (C21H20O6) has minimal or no cytotoxicity and antioxidant qualities, curcumin is naturally occurring bioactive compound made from Curcuma longa L. rhizomes. According to the inhibition results higher curcumin levels of 250 µg/ml demonstrated 100% L-tryptophanase inhibitory activity, whereas lower curcumin concentration of 62.5 µg/ml demonstrated 95% inhibitory efficacy. The L-tryptophanase is considered a virulence-associated factor that play a role in the development and progression of infection. The enzyme was purified from E. coli isolated from a urinary tract infection via precipitation with 70% ammonium sulphate saturation and ion exchange chromatography, in addition to gel filtration chromatography using a Sephadex G-150 column. During the final purification stage, the crude enzyme's specific activity increased from 13.5 U/mg protein to 71.4 U/mg protein. According to the study's pure enzyme characterization, the impacts of pH and pH stability, along with temperature and temperature stability, were the results appeared 8, 8 and 37, 32, and 42 °C, respectively.
Increase Production Secondary Substances in Hedera helix L. Callus by Abiotic Elicitor
Ivy (Hedera helix L.) leaves contain variety of secondary substances that have therapeutic effects on many diseases. Naturally these substances are low concentrations and high cost, researchers have turned to a new method aimed to increase production in callus culture from leaf as explant by using a safe elicitor polyethylene glycol (PEG) at concentrations (0, 20, 30, 40, and 50)%. This experiment was carried out in tissue culture laboratory at College of Science, University of Mustansiriyah in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates to each concentration. The results showed that there was a significant effect of PEG on the fresh weight and highest value was achieved at 20%. Based on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the alcoholic callus extract shows that significant increase in flavonoids (Nicotiflorin, Quercetin, and Kaempferol) and terpeniods (Hederacoside C, α-Hederin, Hederacoside B, and Hederacoside D). The highest values of flavonoids and terpeniods were achieved the highest average at 50% of PEG. In general, the conclusion of the study indicates that the PEG elicited the callus to medicinal compounds production.
Identification of phenolic compounds in Syzygium aromaticum (clove) using HPLC technique and evaluation of their antioxidant activity.
The objective of the experiment was to identify the phenolic compounds in Syzygium aromatic (clove) and to assess their antioxidant activity .maples of dried flower buds were collected. The grinding and extraction were done through the use of cold maceration with ethanol. The phenolic compounds were later identified and separated using HPLC device. According to the study, eugenol was found to be at a maximum concentration of 5.66 mg/ml with the minimum concentration of ferulic acid (0.95 mg/ml). The extract also contained gallic acid and caffeic acid as confirmed by their retention time in the HPLC chromatogram. Using three replications of each concentration (25, 50, 100, and 200 µg/ml), the antioxidant activity was firstly checked by DPPH test. On all replicates, the inhibition percentage and standard deviation of each compound were calculated and compared. Results indicate that inhibition percentage obtained at 200µg/ml of eugenol (77%) and 25µg/ml of ferulic acid (21%) were maximum and minimum respectively. Based on their IC₅₀ values, eugenol is very active even at a low concentration (44µg/mL). The ferulic acid (139 µg/mL) showed weak activity similar to those at very high doses.
Phytosynthesis And Structural–Optical Study Of Ag/Ag₂O Nanoparticles Using Mixture Of Leaves And Immature Fruits Extract Of Iraqi Christ’s Thorn
This study reports a novel green and straightforward method for synthesizing silver/silver oxide nanoparticles (Ag /Ag2O NPs) using a mixture of immature fruits and leaves extract of Iraqi christ’s thorn (IF-LCT). Synthesis of Ag /Ag2O NPs was verified by visual observation in which the AgNO3 solution turned to a brown-colored solution. The Ag/Ag2O NPs caused surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 440 nm. Subsequent characterization was done by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). The average crystallite size of the Ag/Ag2O NPs as assessed by XRD was determined to be 15.89 nm. All the other parameters approved synthesizes Ag/Ag2O NPs with a high surface area to volume ratio, high atomic packing factor (APF) and notably high specific surface area. FE-SEM analysis shown the silver NPs appeared as agglomerated spherical and quasi-spherical structure with average particles size equal to 21.65 nm. EDXS evidenced that nanoparticles contain silver and oxygen. The finest conditions for phytosynthesis of Ag NPs using aqueous extract to silver nitrate (1:10) ratio at 25 °C. The direct band gap was 2.96 eV. FTIR exhibited the particular stretch of bands of the synthesized Ag/Ag2O NPs. The aforementioned outcomes demonstrated that the Ag/Ag2O NPs were effectively prepared using IF-LCT extract
The Effect of Toxoplasma gondii Parasitic Infection on the Growth and Development of Fetuses in Pregnant Women
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and its adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes in women infected with Toxoplasma gondii IgM in Tikrit, Iraq. The samples were gathered and examined for Toxoplasma IgM antibodies. Pregnancy outcomes were investigated among both infected and non-infected women. The results showed that the prevalence of positive Toxoplasma IgM among pregnant women was 19.4%. The occurrences of abortion, stillbirth, preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction (FGR), and congenital malformation in the infected group were 6 cases (17.1%), 5 cases (14.3%), 3 cases (8.6%), 3 cases (8.6%), and 2 cases (5.7%), respectively. In contrast, the incidences in the control group were 2 cases (2.7%), 2 cases (1.8%), 1 case (0.9%), 1 case (0.9%), and no malformations at (P < 0.01). The study concluded that toxoplasmosis infection may lead to abnormal pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, healthcare institutions should enhance awareness regarding the prevention and treatment of toxoplasmosis and encourage healthy dietary habits among women of reproductive age.
Analytical Frameworks for Non-Classical Mathematical Reasoning
In this paper we will present to build such a formal framework for combined nonclassical reasoning as it has arisen with the attempt to bypass classical logic and traditional foundation of mathematics. Classical (binary) logic, determinism and rigid formalism are no longer adequate to deal with complex, uncertain or context dependent phenomena that arise in modern mathematics and its applications. This analysis investigates the theoretical underpinnings, logical organization and epistemological significance of non-classical mathematics is like such paraconsistent logic, fuzzy logic and multi-valued, intuitionist logic, and multi-valued logics. Through an examination of these practices, the study pursues three goals: to reconceptualize commonalities they share and divergences among them; to demonstrate the extent to which they can be used for representations of uncertainty, inconsistency, and indeterminacy in doing mathematics. The proposed logic covers logical, philosophical and methodological aspects of non-classical reasoning in order to deliver a systematic instrument for the evaluation of non-classical models. This framework formalizes the extent to which alternative logical systems transform mathematical inference, of proof organization, and indeed our understanding of mathematical truth. The paper emphasizes, as well its own, the role that non-classical logic plays in contributing to mathematical thought and stimulating new areas such as artificial intelligence, computational logic and complex systems. Finally, it is considered that this work contributes to the theoretical development of mathematical logic by providing a well-structured vision which connects classical oriented views with non-classical ones, offering more analytical strength to nowadays’ mathematical reasoning.
Imaginary Numbers and the Power of Artificial Intelligence
The paper titled \"Imaginary Numbers and the Power of Artificial Intelligence\" investigates the enormous importance of imaginary numbers in boosting the performance levels of some particular AI technologies in deep learning, signal processing, and simulations of complex systems. Imaginary numbers, being multiples of the imaginary unit where (i^2=-1) and being an imaginary number, also are said to belong to the complex number system, where from every real number we can extend to the complex plane. This extension enables extra dimensions of calculative ability i.e. the AI systems can solve ultra complex and non-linear problems where real numbers are ineffectual. Once imaginary numbers were the realm of books and of an abstract branch of mathematics and physics. Now they are essential in practical implementations across AI disciplines. In complex-valued neural network architectures, for example, we need complex-valued neurons to deep model the many intricate and complex patterns and dynamics, which are essential for the tasks of processing audio, images, and smoothly and efficiently handling all the components of electromagnetic waves. Complex numbers are also used in Fourier transforms, an important and essential tool of signal processing. These transforms temporally and spectrally code a signal, thus converting it from one domain to the other, enhancing the AI systems\' ability for higher order and intelligent tasks. The review of literature demonstrates the primary usefulness of imaginary numbers in growing the theory of complex numbers most especially in its application in the AI. Complex numbers help in the improvement of neural network models in particular in the area of power systems analysis and load-flow calculations. With the aid of complex numbers, the further development of certain techniques used in Information Retrieval is achieved through the use of Complex Hilbert Spaces. Also, the theory of electromagnetism and fluid dynamics which is based on complex analysis, makes use of imaginary numbers. In a certain method, the focus of the paper is on the theorems and properties pertaining to imaginary numbers and its application to solving equations which real numbers cannot, not to mention its application in other fields of sciences. The study of complex numbers involves the use of various techniques of algebraic manipulation and geometric representation as well as calculus. Case studies prove that complex numbers can be integrated into AI. Another application of complex numbers in AI Communication is FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) used in the domain of signal processing. In Quantum computing, complex numbers and AI are merged to analyses molecular structures efficiently. As an example, listening to audio was significantly improved by CVNN (Code Vons Neumann) which employed architectures capable of processing complex data. The application of AI technology in complex spheres has also made the imaginary number become top.
تحضير,تشخيص والفعالية الحيوية لقاعدة شيف للكيتوسان ومزيجها البوليمري
تم تفاعل الكيتوسان مع بارا-ميثيل بنزالديهايد لإنتاج قاعدة شيف للكيتوسان. استُخدمت تقنية خلط المحاليل لتحضير مزيج بوليمري مع بولي فينيل الكحول. تم تشخيص جميع المركبات المحضّرة بواسطة مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء والتحاليل الحرارية والمجهر الالكتروني الماسح إضافةً إلى تقييم الفعالية الحيوية. أظهرت نتائج مطيافية الاشعة تحت الحمراء تكوّن قاعدة شيف للكيتوسان. كما اثبتت التحاليل الحرارية الاستقرارية الحرارية للمزائج البوليمرية المحضّرة. وتمت دراسة وتقييم الفعالية المضادة للبكتيريا لقاعدة شيف المحضّرة والمزيج البوليمري مع PVA ضد أربعة أنواع مختلفة من البكتيريا وهي: (Pseudomonas aeruginosa)، (Bacillus subtilis)، (Escherichia coli)، (Staphylococcus aureus)وأظهرت النتائج أن المزائج البوليمرية المحضّرة تمتلك فعالية جيدة مضادة للبكتيريا ضد جميع انواع البكتريا.
Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Capparis spinosa fruits against azole resistant Candida spp.
This study was aimed to In vitro study the activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Capparis spinosa fruits against azole resistant Candida spp.. 120 samples were taken from 62 women with VVC and 58 samples were collected from children infected with Oral Thrush from Baghdad Hospital from February to June 2022. Microscopical examination, cultural examination to detect on Candida spp. The effect of Capparies spinosa silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against Candida spp. viability was measured by MTT method. Synergistic effect of AgNPs with Fluconazole resistant Candida spp. was performed by MTT assay, well diffusion test .The effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis from Capparis spinosa on viability of Candida spp. showed the highest inhibition percentage, the highest inhibition percentage was (88.15 and 91.42) % in C. albicans (V2) and C. lusitaniae (O38) respectively, while the lowest inhibition percentage was (77.77 and 76.31) % in C. albicans (V18) and C. lusitaniae (O36) respectively, and showed that the synergistic effect between AgNps- fruits extract with fluconazole was less than AgNps fruits extract alone and fluconazole alone. The results of statistical analysis showed significant (p≤ 0.05) between treatment and control of all isolates.
Preparation and characterization of some Heterocyclic compounds linked to graphene oxide and study of their effect to remove Cd (II) and Pb (II) from industrial wastewater
In this study, several heterocyclic compounds were prepared and combined with graphene oxide to produce composite materials with high adsorption efficiency, exceeding that of each individual component. This is attributed to the unique surface properties of graphene oxide, particularly the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and epoxy groups, which facilitate bonding with the prepared compounds. Furthermore, the heterocyclic compounds possess donor atoms such as nitrogen and sulfur, enhancing their ability to form strong coordinate bonds with heavy metal ions. The efficiency of the prepared composite materials in removing cadmium (II) (Cd²⁺) and palladium (II) (Pd²⁺) ions from contaminated aqueous solutions simulating industrial wastewater, was investigated. Adsorption experiments were conducted under various time and pH conditions, with mass and temperature constants, and the concentrations of residual ions were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Advanced analytical techniques, including FTIR, XRD, AFM, and FESEM, were used to characterize the composite materials to determine their chemical composition, surface properties, and morphology. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in the adsorption efficiency of the composite materials compared to the individual materials, confirming their potential as effective materials for treating water contaminated with heavy metals
Evaluation of the rmpA Gene as a Virulence Factor Regulating Biofilm Formation in Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Klebsiella pneumoniae has emerged as a significant pathogen globally, particularly in clinical settings, resulting in severe infections, including UTI, respiratory tract infections, and bloodstream infections, and the high rates of resistance to the most common drugs make it very difficult to treat. Numerous characteristics that increase virulence are responsible for the observed pathogenesis of bacteria. This study aimed to investigate biofilm-forming ability among the collected isolates and the presence of the virulence gene (rmpA). And to determine gene association with increased biofilm formation. Methods: seventy-five clinical isolates were gathered from different clinical samples (urine, blood, sputum, and stool). Antibiotic susceptibility was tested against a number of commonly used medications, including beta-lactam antibiotics. Biofilm formation was evaluated using the plate assay method, and the presence of the targeted gene was determined by molecular analysis. Result: Most isolates showed high resistance to beta-lactams, with nearly eighty percent of them being resistant. Among the highly effective drugs were carbapenems (DOREBENEM)with (82.7%). And for the biofilm development test, it was shown that a total of 86.6% of the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were biofilm producers, ranging from weak to strong, while 13.4% did not produce biofilm. Additionally, the molecular level revealed a variable distribution of the targeted gene in the study, which indicates the presence of a virulent gene (rmpA) (58.6%). In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that Klebsiella pneumonia isolates exhibit a strong biofilm-forming capacity increased the rates of resistance to antibiotics. And concerning the relation with the rmpA gene, a positive association was detected between biofilm formation and rmpA-carrying isolates, although it was strain dependent. This indicates that multiple factors (genetic, environmental), rather than a single gene, can control the intricate processes of biofilm development.
Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Multidentate Ligand Metal Complexes and their Evaluation as Corrosion Inhibitors in Acidic Media
This study systematically investigates the design, preparation, and activity of new bidentate, tridentate, and tetra dentate Schiff base ligands and their transition metal complexes as new advanced severe corrosion inhibiters for mild steel in acid media. We report the synthesis of three tetra dentate N₂O₂-donor Schiff base ligand containing various aromatic substituents (–OCH₃, –Cl, –H) by condensation reaction and their coordination to Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) ion to form neutral square-planar or octahedral complexes. Elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity and thermogravimetric analysis were employed for the complete characterization of the compounds. The corrosion inhibition performance was evaluated using several methodsloss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 1M HCl.) Among them, the Cu(II) complex of the methoxy-substituted ligand (Cu–L₂) showed the most remarkable inhibition efficiency (94.7% at 5 mm, 25°C) and exhibited a mixed-type inhibition on both anodic and cathodic reaction. Adsorption fit to Langmuir isotherm model, with Gibbs free energy values (ΔGads ≈ −38.6 kJ/mol) indicating spontaneous, mixed physisorption and chemisorption process. DFT calculations confirmed that electron-donating moieties more favorably add electron density at donor atoms (N, O), thus decreasing the energy gap and promoting charge transfer to the metal surface. A complete inhibition mechanism is proposed wherein adsorption of the planar complex onto the steel surface takes place in a flat-lying manner providing a barrier against corrosive ions. A comparative analysis shows that the synthesized inhibitors are superior to or at least comparable to many of the newly published systems in terms of efficiency, thermal stability, and environmental friendliness. Our work defines a distinct structure–activity relationship as well as a promising avenue based on rational molecular design of multidentate ligand–metal complexes toward sustainable, high-efficiency anticorrosion solutions in industrial acid treatments.
Hormonal, Hematological, and Coagulation Dysregulation in Women with Toxoplasmosis with Associated Miscarriage
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important health-threatening diseases with worldwide distribution and global impact, it is caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). This study aimed to evaluate hormonal, hematological, and coagulation parameters in women with Toxoplasmosis associated miscarriage and to compare them with healthy controls. A case-control study was conducted on 100 aborted women attending Samarra General Hospital and private outpatient clinics in Samarra-Iraq between September 2025 and February 2026. The participants were divided into two main groups according to the results of serological examination for anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies: Patients group (n=50), and control group (n=50). Hormonal parameters, including prolactin and Growth Hormone, were measured. Hematological test indices such as Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (HCT), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) were assessed, along with White Blood Cell (WBC) and Platelet counts. Coagulation parameters, including prothrombin time (PT), partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR), were also evaluated using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results show infected women showed higher prolactin level (45.73 ± 10.64 ng/mL) and lower growth hormone (1.325 ± 0.566 ng/mL) compared to control groups (38.38 ± 12.22 and 1.826 ± 0.827 ng/mL, respectively). Hematological parameters were reduced in patients, including hemoglobin (12.03 ± 1.67 g/dL), hematocrit (34.64 ± 2.82%), MCV (76.82 ± 9.18 fL), and MCH (26.80 ± 4.88 pg), compared to controls (14.50 ± 1.14 g/dL and 40.70 ± 2.62%). No significant differences were observed in WBC (6.79 ± 1.59 vs. 6.45 ± 1.65 ×10³/µL) and platelets (203.3 ± 41.7 vs. 216.6 ± 48.6 ×10³/µL). Coagulation parameters were elevated in patients, including PT (13.71 ± 0.44 sec), PTT (33.76 ± 2.53 sec), and INR (1.12 ± 0.10), compared to controls (12.52 ± 0.44 sec, 30.04 ± 3.00 sec, and 1.00 ± 0.04). The findings indicate that toxoplasmosis related with miscarriage and hormonal imbalances, haematological abnormalities, and coagulation disorders. These alterations may contribute to the pathophysiology of pregnancy loss and highlight the need for comprehensive evaluation in affected women
Enhancing SQL Query Performance via XAI: A Dual SHAP–LIME Framework for Accurate Response Time Prediction and Optimization in RDBMS
Optimization of queries in RDBMSs have been one of the most important roadblocks as the rule-based optimizer s fail to scale to the non-linear nature of the new analytical workloads. Although Machine Learning (ML) models have demonstrated good latency predictability, their poor interpret-ability creates a Trust Gap that restricts their use. This paper introduces XAIExplainer, a dual-explanation framework that combines a three-model ensemble predictor (Lasso Regression, Extremely Randomized Trees, and a Keras-based plan-structured residual network) with SHAP and LIME along with the Spearman rank-correlation protocol is used. When measured on three real-world Oracle SQL queries, with varying levels of complexity, XAIExplainer achieved a significant latency speedup of 35, 72, and 31 with high predictive accuracy (R 2 = 0.9712, MAE = 18.4 ms) and a 91.2% SHAPLIME agreement rate. XAIExplainer successfully addresses the interpretability gap by converting the quantitative attributions into the form of the DBA-understandable narratives, SQL rewrite strategies, and automatic index suggestions.
Nonlinear 4D Hyper - Chotic Dynamics and Invariant Spatial Steganography for Secure Visual Information Transmission
The rapid growth of public network communications has resulted in an unprecedented. increase in multimedia data transmission, requiring good security. Conventional single-layer cryptographic and steganographic techniques often struggle to balance efficiency, payload capacity, and imperceptibility, payload size, and imperceptibility. To solve these issues, this work presents a safe, dual-layer visual information transfer method using nonlinear physical dynamics. Initial security uses a 4D continuous hyper-chaotic confusion-diffusion engine. The two positive Lyapunov exponents make this dynamical system sensitive to initial circumstances and have a key space of about 2450, too big for exhaustive search assaults. The innovative adaptive Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganographic second layer uses simply an invariant edge map from the top 5 MSBs. This invariant map allocates image-dependent capacity of 3 bits in difficult high-frequency areas and 1 bit in smooth homogenous areas. Based on thorough testing, this method increases payload by 9.72% over standard global LSB methods without compromising visual integrity. Information entropy (∼7.999), NPCR (∼99.61%), and UACI (∼34.01%) demonstrate the framework's exceptional cryptographic performance The suggested adaptive steganography achieves PSNRs above 50 dB and SSIMs above 0.99 in all situations, averaging 53.36 dB and 0.99. Thus, the suggested adaptive steganography achieves a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of over 50 dB and a Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) of above 0.99 in all situations, with an average of 53.36 dB and 0.99. Critical communications can be undetected, mathematically sound, and high-capacity using the two-layered approach.
((The impact of special exercises in the development of the transitional speed of the youth of Al-Khalis football club)
Football is one of the team games that requires its players to possess special physical and skill abilities and to perform with high efficiency throughout the game, and the construction of training curricula with the style is not based on modern foundations that lack the link with the modern style that keeps pace with the developments in the modern game of football, the researcher focused on getting out of the traditional pattern of the training curriculum and making changes in the development of skill and physical abilities, and used the experimental method by designing two experimental and control groups with tribal and dimensional testing, and the research community was chosen in a deliberate way, and the researcher chose a his research, which included the players of Diyala clubs The research community reached (124) players and one group of players was selected randomly and they represent the experimental group of the pure club and their number is( 12) players from the second control group who represent (14 )players from the Hebah club for juniors where the research community is represented in the province of (7) are (Al-Khalis club, Al-Shahid Arkan club, shahrban club Baquba club, jadida Al-Shatt club, Habhab club, Diyala club,) as the research community reached (12) players and one group of players was selected randomly and they represent the experimental group of the pure club and their number is (12) players from the researcher developed and implemented special exercises for the experimental group of the research sample at the stage of special preparation, where The training curriculum included( 24) units divided into (3) days a week and in fact two units of each week on the days allocated to the club, and the researcher concluded that the special exercises by the researcher had a role in the effective development of the transition speed of the pure club, and these exercises have an effective role in developing the physical abilities of the research sample.
The Representation of Satirical Cartoon Themes In Commercial Advertising
Contemporary graphic design is multifaceted and diverse due to its continuous development and modernization. It provides graphic designers with numerous means to express their ideas, varying according to the design's subject matter. These means include text, colors, and illustrations. Satirical cartoons are a promotional tool for various commercial advertisements, becoming more memorable and appealing to the public. They are similar in their ability to convey philosophical and thematic themes. McDonald's has used them to promote its services, making them part of its visual identity that distinguishes it from other advertising agencies. Therefore, the researcher posed the following question, representing the research problem: Do satirical cartoon themes have representations in advertising promotion? Commercial? The researcher then moved to the theoretical framework, which included the following sections: Section One: (Satirical Cartoons: Origins and Concept), comprising three points; Section Two: (Satirical Cartoons in Typographic Design), comprising four points; and the final chapter, which included the researcher's findings after analyzing the models. Following this, the researcher offered several recommendations and suggestions to further this study. The research concludes with a list of sources.
Islamic civilization and liberation transformations in
The designs that are taken from the Islamic style characterize them as a distinctive feature as a beautiful art. The interior designer can touch the aspects of this art in the types of modern interior designs that link the past to the present according to the perspective of technological development. And in accordance with the specificity of the subject of the research consists of four chapters. The first chapter in the formulation of the problem of research, which is summarized shortfalls in the recruitment of Islamic style in the interior spaces of modern commercial centers in Baghdad. The importance of the research in a statement enriched the scientific material of students of the Faculty of Fine Arts and the corresponding disciplines and other colleges and adds the addition of descriptive knowledge added to the messages and the papers completed at the college and the research objective is to (detect the lack of the use of Islamic style in the interior spaces in modern business centers). The limits of the objective researc (the study of the design transformations of the Islamic model in the interior spaces of the commercial centers) and the temporal limits were the date of the construction of the bazaar (2017) and the spatial boundaries (the spaces of the Babillon Bazaar Mall of Mansour / Baghdad / Karkh). The research also dealt with the definition of many terms related to the subject of research. While the second chapter includes both previous studies and the theoretical framework. In the theoretical framework in the second chapter there is a study of two subjects: the first topic (style developments in Islamic design) and the second part (the formal transformations of the contemporary Islamic models). Chapter 3 referred to the procedures Research, where it adopted the Babilon Bazaar Bazaar the research community has been selected three models of the intended samples of their spaces as described and analyzed . The fourth chapter included a discussion of a number of results within the main axes achieved the research objective, which reached the research study the most important . To achieve style According to the age and taki And the first sample is achieved and is achieved relatively in the second sample. The results of the research reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: - The specificity of the vocabulary and elements of the Islamic style and its use within the internal spaces influenced the appearance of the model and its adaptation and evolution over time and to connect the past with the present and preserve the symbolism And the identity of the Islamic model. The creativity in the Islamic designs depends on the experience of the interior designer in the best choice of vocabulary and design units suitable within the harmonious effects such as the types of materials, furniture, furniture and overlapping overlapping between geometric an vegetal decoration and embossed and embossed and according to their location within the internal space
The Impact of HIIT Training on Developing Specific Endurance and Transitional Speed among First Division Referees in the Iraqi Professional Football League
The study aimed to identify the impact of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on developing specific endurance and transitional speed among elite Iraqi football referees. Using an experimental approach with a one-group pre-test/post-test design, 12 referees from the Iraq Stars League were selected. The program lasted 8 weeks with 3 sessions per week. Results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test for all physical variables. The study recommends integrating HIIT into the annual training plans for football referees.
The mask as a symbolic discourse in theatrical costumes
The theatrical performance is a visual discourse consisting of a semiotic network that includes visual and auditory elements of the performance as intertwined semantic patterns that are read by the recipient through an agreed-upon collective cultural communication language. The mask constitutes one of these semantic patterns, which includes internal signs that are organized as symbols within a network of the performance (lines, shapes, materials, colors, etc.). The symbol is a semiotic system that allows the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver within a semiotic structure that Peirce described as operating on three levels (icon, sign, and symbol). Given the importance of the mask in theatrical performances, the researcher formulated the title of her research: (The mask as a symbolic discourse in the costumes of theatrical performances). This leads us to question the nature of the mask and its role in performances, considering it as a symbolic system within the costume in the intricate structure of the performance. The importance of the research lies in enabling directors, authors, and scenographers to formulate, deconstruct, and interpret the symbols of the performance. The research aims to identify the internal elements of the mask and how it generates codes that serve the message of the performance. The researcher then defined the most important terms in the research, which are the mask, the symbol, and the symbolic discourse. Chapter Two, The Theoretical Framework, includes two sections, the first of which is (Symbolic Discourse in the Theatrical Mask). As a sample for her research, the researcher employed a purposive method to suit the research requirements. She utilized several tools to collect data and information, including documents, books, letters and dissertations, photographs, and films. Among the most important conclusions reached were that the mask can be replaced by heavy makeup or a costume that carries the connotations of the mask. The mask functions as a symbolic and referential system in contemporary theatrical performances, as contemporary theater has invoked the symbols of ancient civilizations due to their visual communication language, which aligns with the philosophy of current societies, thus achieving a wealth of meaning. As in the Egyptian and Asian civilizations, which used color coding and shape coding as cultural symbols agreed upon in their societies, the researcher also focused on formulating recommendations, which is the necessity of paying attention to the study of the mask as it forms an integrated semantic system within the theatrical performance and not dealing with it as an aesthetic element, due to its ability to produce a multi-level symbolic discourse.
Hostile visual metaphors in poster design
Given the importance of visual metaphors in conveying a visual message to the recipient, and their effective role in the success of design, they influence the design concept and contribute to enhancing the content of the communicative message to build a new form The current research problem was defined by asking the following question: What are The research objective included (a study of hostile visual metaphors in poster design); and the second chapter dealt with the theoretical framework, including two sections: the first (the concept of visual metaphors in design) and the second (the poster and its role in the communication process).hostile visual metaphors in poster design? Key indicators were extracted based on the theoretical framework, which helped the researcher deduce the analysis axes for the models. In the third chapter, the descriptive analytical method was adopted to analyze the sample of (3) advertising poster designs published on the (Ads of the world) website for the year 2022, for the research population of (34) designs. That is, with a percentage (%30), a set of results was reached and discussed in Chapter Four, the most important of which is (to achieve the goal of designing an advertising poster, the design must contain the functional aspect, as well as the aesthetic aspect, given its importance in conveying information and showing its communicative value. The designer must consider the aesthetic and functional aspects together).
The Role of Computers in Contemporary Digital Graphics
This research examines the role of computers in contemporary digital graphics. Graphic design, an essential art form within visual communication, is a type of design. Design is a vast and creative field, and since ancient times, it has been the language and expression of cultures. It is considered an artistic field, encompassing various aspects from architectural design to graphic design and web design. Therefore, the researcher poses the following question: What is the role of computers in contemporary digital graphics? The research is divided into four chapters: Chapter One defines the research problem, its significance, objectives, scope, and terminology. Chapter Two is divided into two sections: Section One: Computers in Graphic Art. Section Two: Digital Art. Chapter Three: Research Procedures, including defining the research population and analyzing the samples. Chapter Four presents the research findings, including: Modern digital artistic achievements have witnessed a diversification in the methods and mechanisms for projecting irregularity onto organizational structures. Employing photomontage in a collage style, utilizing digital processing to create focal points for the viewer, as a technique in graphic art. Conclusions: A systematic and rational presence of the distribution technique in contemporary graphic art, achieved by breaking artistic rules, laws, and systems. The contemporary digital graphic art style emerged to express a renewed culture, intended to attract attention, break the monotony, and introduce artistic patterns into the realm of contemporary modernity.
The Effect Of Visual Teaching Strategy On Developing Perceptual Speed Skill Exercises, And Learning Some Basic Football Skills For Students
The importance of the research lies in the use of the visual teaching strategy, which is one of the modern concepts that contribute to the development of the educational process to be within the reach of those working in the field of sports in general and football in particular, so that they can apply it in the field and in an appropriate scientific and educational manner that can It contributes to raising the level of learning basic football skills. The problem with the research is that these modern strategies have not been invested sufficiently, as they take into account the mental and skill abilities of students. From this standpoint, the researcher felt the necessity of conducting a study to identify through it the knowledge of the visual teaching strategy in developing cognitive speed and skill exercises as well as some basic skills In football compared to the method followed in learning these skills, the researcher used the experimental method by designing two groups, the experimental and control groups, to suit the research objectives and the nature of the problem. The researcher limited the research community to the first-year middle school students in Al-Kadhimiya Intermediate School for Boys for the academic year 2025-2026 in the Baghdad Karkh Third Education Directorate, whose number is 144 students The study sample was randomly selected (lottery) and consisted of (65) students from the research community. The percentage was (45.138). The researcher concluded that the application of the educational units prepared by the researcher according to the visual teaching strategy contributed
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Sports Marketing Strategies in Iraqi Sports Clubs
The research aimed to identify the role of artificial intelligence in improving sports marketing strategies in Iraqi sports clubs by constructing a scale for artificial intelligence and a scale for sports marketing strategies, as well as examining the relationship between them. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem.The research sample consisted of members of the administrative bodies in Iraqi Premier League sports clubs, totaling (180) members, distributed into a pilot sample, a construction sample, and an application sample. The researcher developed the research instruments by formulating a set of items according to a five-point Likert scale, in line with the nature of the research population. After completing the scientific procedures, the validity of the two scales was verified using construct validity through discriminatory power and internal consistency, while reliability was confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The results indicated that the two scales have high levels of validity and reliability.After applying the scales to the research sample, the results revealed a statistically significant relationship between artificial intelligence and sports marketing strategies, indicating that the use of artificial intelligence contributes to improving the efficiency and effectiveness of sports marketing strategies in Iraqi sports clubs. In light of these findings, the researcher recommends that Iraqi sports clubs adopt artificial intelligence technologies, develop their technological infrastructure, and enhance staff capabilities to improve marketing performance and achieve sustainable competitive advantage.
The Effect of Using Educational Units According To The ADEAL Model on Speed-Strength And Learning To Hold The Balance Students
Technological advancements in all areas of physical education, particularly in teaching methods and wrestling, have led to the adoption of educational models. The use of the ADEAI model with learners will play a significant role in facilitating the educational process in wrestling lessons. The researcher employed the experimental method due to its suitability to the problem, the hypotheses, and the prepared research units. The experimental method is considered one of the best and most appropriate methods because it allows for direct and accurate observation, making it the most efficient means of acquiring knowledge. The sample was taken from fourth-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, using the purposive method during the 2025-2026 academic year. The researcher concluded that the educational units based on the ADEAI model in the experimental group resulted in improved speed and balance grip strength in freestyle wrestling. Furthermore, the speed-strength exercises included in the educational units contributed to an improvement in the students' performance level.
The Role of Student-Centered Teaching Methods In Promoting Free Artistic Expression And Liberation From Stereotypical Imitation Among Middle School Students
This research aims to study the role of student-centered teaching methods in promoting free artistic expression and liberation from stereotypical imitation among middle school students. The study is based on the hypothesis that adopting modern teaching methods that place the student at the center of the educational process contributes to developing artistic creativity, encouraging independent thinking, and moving away from the mechanical imitation of ready-made models. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by field observations and the analysis of artwork produced by middle school students, with the aim of comparing the impact of traditional methods and student-centered methods on developing artistic expression. The research results concluded that using methods such as discovery learning, cooperative learning, problem-solving, and brainstorming clearly contributed to developing students' self-confidence, expanding their artistic imagination, and enhancing their ability to express themselves freely, away from stereotypes and direct imitation. The results also showed that these methods help students understand art as a means of expressing themselves and the surrounding reality, and not merely imitating previous works. The research recommends the necessity of training art education teachers in applying student-centered teaching methods and providing a stimulating educational environment that supports creativity and innovation in middle schools.
The Effectiveness of the Focused Lists Strategy in Chemistry Achievement among Second Intermediate Grade Students
This research aims to identify the effectiveness of the focused lists strategy in improving the chemistry achievement of second intermediate grade students. The null hypothesis was formulated as follows: There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean scores of the experimental group students who will study chemistry using the focused lists strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who will study using the traditional method on the achievement test. The researcher conducted an experiment that lasted for an entire semester, using a quasi-experimental approach with partial control and a post-test. The sample consisted of 72 male students from the second intermediate grade at Al-Sibtain Mixed School, affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Babylon/Al-Mahawil. The students were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The researcher rewarded both the experimental and control groups on variables such as parental educational attainment, prior achievement in chemistry, age (calculated in months), prior knowledge tests, and Raven's Progressive Matrices. As for the research instrument, an achievement test consisting of 40 multiple-choice items was developed. The psychometric properties were calculated, and the data were analyzed and statistically processed. The results showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group, who studied chemistry using the focused lists strategy, and the mean scores of the control group, who studied the subject using the traditional method. This difference favored the experimental group.
The Effectiveness of a Proposed Educational Program Based on Nelson and Narnes Theory in Improving Chemistry Achievement among Second Intermediate School Students
The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a proposed instructional program based on the Wilson and Narens theory in improving chemistry achievement among second-grade intermediate school students. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher adopted an experimental research design to test the following null hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the mean achievement scores of students in the experimental group who study chemistry using the instructional program developed according to the Wilson and Narens theory and the mean achievement scores of students in the control group who study chemistry using the conventional instructional method in the post-test. The two groups were equated in several variables, including chronological age, prior academic achievement, and intelligence test scores. A total of (97) behavioral objectives were formulated and distributed across the following cognitive levels of Bloom’s taxonomy: knowledge, comprehension, and application. The experimental group was taught according to the Wilson and Narens instructional program, which consists of four stages: planning, analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation, during the first semester of the academic year (2024–2025). The researcher developed an achievement test consisting of (20) objective multiple-choice items. The results of the study revealed that students in the experimental group who studied chemistry using the instructional program based on the Wilson and Narens theory outperformed students in the control group who studied chemistry using the conventional method in the achievement test. Based on the findings.
Productive Thinking Skills among Students of the College of Education for Girls
The current research aims to identify the level of productive thinking skills among female students of the College of Education for Women and to examine the statistically significant differences according to the specialization variable (scientific vs. humanities). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher employed the descriptive method on a stratified random sample of (100) female students. The researcher adopted the scale developed by Abu Aziz (2020), consisting of (29) items with five response alternatives. The validity of the instrument was verified through expert review, and reliability was calculated using the split-half method corrected by the Spearman-Brown formula, yielding a reliability coefficient of (0.910). The results revealed that the students possess a high level of productive thinking skills, and that there are statistically significant differences in favor of the scientific specialization compared to the humanities specialization. The research reached a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.