“The Role of the Papacy and Piracy in Paralyzing the Movement of Eastern Trade in the Mediterranean Sea 1291-1498 AD”. Journal of the College of Basic Education 18, no. 73 (January 21, 2023): 271–286. Accessed July 9, 2025. https://cbej.uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/index.php/cbej/article/view/8595.