The causal relationship between psychological well-being and optimism among university students

Abstract

The researcher used two scales to measure the research variables (psychological well-being by Carol Rive 1999, and optimism by Itch 2001) and after verifying their psychometric characteristics of validity, stability and discrimination. They were applied to a sample of (100) male and female students. The research used the time-varying correlation coefficient panel to verify that:
• Psychological well-being causes optimism.
• Optimism causes psychological well-being
• Psychological well-being and optimism have mutual relations.
After the researcher made sure that there is no third variable, she compared the two internal dynamic correlation coefficients after converting them to the subtest, to the fact that the difference is statistically significant, and therefore the two concepts are inseparable and dialectically interfere with each other.
And using the Pearson correlation coefficient