Immune System Dysregulation and Its Potential Role in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Abstract

        The complex neurological disorder known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is typified by repetitive behaviors, limited interests, and difficulties with social communication. There is growing evidence that the pathophysiology of ASD is significantly influenced by immune system dysfunction. These include autoimmune, cytokine imbalance, neuroinflammation, microglial activation, maternal immune activation (MIA), and disruptions of the gut flora. According to research, people with ASD have malfunctioning microglia, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), and autoantibodies that target brain proteins, all of which may be linked to aberrant neurodevelopment. Furthermore, because inflammatory reactions can impair fetal brain development, maternal immune activity during pregnancy has been associated with a higher incidence of ASD in offspring. Another important consideration is the gut-brain axis; symbiosis in people with ASD may exacerbate systemic inflammation and change the synthesis of neurotransmitters. In light of these findings, a number of therapeutic approaches are being investigated to lessen immune-related dysfunctions in ASD, including probiotics, dietary changes, immunomodulatory therapy (such as IVIG), and anti-inflammatory medications. To enhance patient outcomes, further research is required to clarify the processes driving immune system dysregulation in ASD and create focused treatment strategies