Organizing the classroom environment within a mastery-oriented climate and its effect on improving visual processing speed, as well as the performance and accuracy of the volleyball serve

Abstract

The study aims to organize the classroom environment within a mastery-oriented climate for second-grade intermediate female students by designing instructional situations in physical education volleyball lessons. It also seeks to identify the effect of organizing the classroom environment within a mastery-oriented climate on improving visual processing speed among second-grade intermediate female students, as well as its effect on the performance and accuracy of the underhand serve skill in volleyball. Accordingly, the study hypothesizes that there are no statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of the experimental and control groups in visual processing speed, and in the performance and accuracy of the underhand volleyball serve skill. It also assumes that there are no statistically significant differences between the post-test results of the experimental and control groups in visual processing speed, and in the performance and accuracy of the underhand volleyball serve skill. The experimental method was adopted using a two-group design (experimental and control) on a sample of (60) female students, who were intentionally selected, representing (30.928%) of their original population, which consists of female students from Al-Mutafawiqāt Secondary School for Girls within the Directorate General of Education, Baghdad / Al-Rusafa II, for the academic year. (2024–2025). After preparing the research tests, (6) practical lessons were designed based on organizing the classroom environment within a mastery-oriented climate. These lessons included stimulating and engaging learning environments, the use of visual and light-based stimuli, and competitive activities based on cooperative interaction among students. The program was applied to the experimental group over a period of (3) weeks, at a rate of two lessons per week, while the control group followed the traditional instructional method used in their regular lessons. The total duration of the research procedures extended from (1/10/2024) to (12/11/2024). After completing the experiment, the data were statistically analyzed using (SPSS). The findings indicated that organizing the classroom environment within a mastery-oriented climate in practical volleyball lessons is appropriate for second-year intermediate female students. Moreover, applying educational exercises within such an environment contributes to improving visual processing speed, as well as the performance and accuracy of the underhand volleyball serve skill, compared to students who were taught without this approach. The results also emphasized the importance of avoiding excessive use of colors and lighting when organizing a mastery-oriented classroom environment in physical education lessons, and highlighted the necessity of encouraging competition and providing rewards through appropriate educational methods when teaching within this framework.