The Effect of Needham’s Constructivist Model on Developing Basic Ruq’ah Calligraphy Skills Among Students of the Department of Art Education

Abstract

Study Objectives:

• To identify the impact of the Needham Model on developing basic skills among the research sample.

Study Hypotheses:

• There are no statistically significant differences at the ($0.05$) level between the mean scores of the experimental group (taught using the Needham Model) and the control group (taught using the traditional method) in the post-skill test for students of the Department of Art Education.

Methodology and Procedures:

• Experimental Design: The researcher adopted an experimental design with two independent and equivalent groups using a post-skill test, as it suits the nature of the research sample.


• Research Population: The population consisted of second-stage students in the Department of Art Education at the College of Basic Education for the academic year (2025-2026), totaling (149) students distributed across four lecture halls.


• Research Sample: The sample was randomly selected from the original population. "Hall 3" was chosen to represent the experimental group ($n = 39$), and "Hall 4" represented the control group.

Conclusions:

• The use of the Needham Constructivist Model helped increase student motivation in learning the basic skills of Al-Ruq'ah calligraphy.


• The model fostered a sense of competition among students, leading to improved skillful performance in calligraphy basics.


• The Needham Model enabled students to effectively apply calligraphy basics in creating artistic works.

Recommendations:

• Utilizing the Needham Constructivist Model to teach skills related to other types of Arabic calligraphy.


• Integrating the model into the teaching of "Drawing and Coloring" within Art Education departments in Colleges of Basic Education.

Suggestions for Further Research:

• Measuring the effectiveness of the Needham Model in developing achievement and skills in Al-Naskh calligraphy for Art Education students.


• Exploring the effectiveness of the model in other practical subjects within Art Education departments.


• The model enabled students to effectively employ Ruq'ah calligraphy basics in producing artistic works.

Recommendations:

In light of the results, the researcher recommends the following:

• Utilizing the Needham Constructivist Model to acquire skills in other types of Arabic calligraphy.


• Implementing the model in teaching drawing and coloring within Art Education departments in Colleges of Basic Education, Fine Arts, and Art Institutes.

Suggestions:

The researcher proposed several suggestions, most notably:

• Studying the effectiveness of the Needham Constructivist Model on conceptual achievement in Arabic calligraphy among students of the Department of Art Education.