Iranian-Azerbaijani Relations until 1992

Abstract

Iranian-Azerbaijani relations represent a complex model of interaction between geographical, historical, political, and religious factors, where elements of proximity and commonality intertwine with elements of divergence and competition. Geographical factors make the two countries inseparable neighbors, both geographically and economically; The long border between them, along the Aras River, has formed a axis of cultural and strategic contact since the 19th century. Demographic factors further complicate the relationship, given the large Azerbaijani population within Iran, estimated at over 15 million, who share language, religion, and culture with Azerbaijanis. This makes the internal dimension a powerful force in shaping Iranian policy toward Baku. Religious and sectarian factors have also played a dual role. On the one hand, the shared Shi'a faith provides a natural basis for rapprochement. On the other hand, Azerbaijan's adoption of a secular system and its openness to the West and Turkey have created an ideological gap between the two countries' political systems. Added to this are economic, energy, and regional security factors, which have made the Caspian Sea an arena for competition over oil wealth and energy transit routes. Understanding these intertwined factors is essential to interpreting the behavior of both countries in the post-independence era, as they have shaped the structural framework within which their foreign policies have operated.